《试卷》2020年考研英语二真题18.docx

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1、2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good pa

2、rent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger sibling. 3 , theres another sort of parent thats a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. C

3、hildren of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy 6 . Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed style with their kids. I understand this.Youre only human, and sometimes your kids can 8

4、 you just a little too far. And then the 9 happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over, Weve all been there. 12 , even though its common, its important to keep in m

5、ind that in a single moment of fatigue. you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your childs self-esteem.If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids. then you are inadvertently modeling a lac

6、k of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when 17 by stress

7、is one of the most important of all lifes skills.Certainly, its incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can pro

8、mise you this: As a result of working toward this goal. you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.131. A tediousB pleasantC instructiveD tricky2. A in additionB for exampleC at onceD by accident3. A FortunatelyB OccasionallyC According

9、lyD Eventually4. A amuseB assistC describeD train5. A whileB becauseC unlessD once6. A answerB taskC choiceD access7. A tolerantB formalC rigidD critical8. A moveB dragC pushD send9. A mysteriousB illogicalC suspiciousD inevitable10. A boringB naiveC harshD vague11. A turn backB take apartC set asid

10、eD cover up12. A OverallB InsteadC HoweverD Otherwise13. A likeB missC believeD regret14. A raiseB affectC justifyD reflect15. A timeB bondC raceD cool16. A natureB secretC importanceD context17. A cheatedB defeatedC confusedD confronted18. A terribleB hardC strangeD wrong19. A tryingB changingC exc

11、itingD surprising20. A hideB emergeC withdrawD escapeSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directios:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to

12、 social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eig

13、ht adult rats with two types of robotic ratone social and one asocialfor four days.The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, pla

14、yed with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across 18 trials each, t

15、he living rats were 52 per cent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exp

16、loring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says .“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct recipr

17、ocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. “ Wed assumed wed have to giv

18、e it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasnt necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come fro

19、m basic robots. says Wiles. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. “We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,” says Wiles.21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see i

20、f rats can .A pick up social signals from non-living ratsB distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC attain sociable traits through special trainingD send out warning messages to their fellows22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?A It followed the social robot.B It played with

21、some toys.C It set the trapped rats free.D It moved around alone.23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they. Atried to practice a means of escape.Bexpected it to do the same in return. Cwanted to display their intelligence. Dconsidered that an interesting game.24. James

22、Wiles notes that rats.Acan remember other rats facial features.Bdifferentiate smells better than sizes. Crespond more to actions than to looks. Dcan be scared by a plastic box on wheels.25. It can be learned from the text that rats. A appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB are more socially act

23、ive than other animalsC behave differently from children in socializingD are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2It is true that CEO pay has gone uptop ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corp

24、orations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rap

25、idly. The efforts of America s highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. Its not popular to say. but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.Today s CEO, at least

26、for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to “run the company.” CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them .They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor

27、slipup can be significant. Then theres the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies

28、 are becoming tech companies, one way or another. Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesnt explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tigh

29、ter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising.That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to o

30、utside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value no

31、t just for the CEO.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A The growth in the number of corporations.B The general pay rise with a better economy.C Increased business opportunities for top firms.D Close cooperation among leading economies.27. Compared with their predecessors, tod

32、ay s CEOs are required to .A foster a stronger sense of teamworkB finance more research and developmentC establish closer ties with tech companiesD operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite .A continual internal oppositionB strict corporate governanceC cons

33、ervative business strategiesD repeated government warnings29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps .A confirm the status of CEOsB motive inside candidatesC boost the efficiency of CEOsD increase corporate value30. The most suitable title for this text would be .A CEOs Are Not Over

34、paidB CEO Pay: Past and PresentC CEOs Challenges of TodayD CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council susp

35、ended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the citys decision to stop levying fines, orde

36、ring them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zones future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. Thats because they inevitably put the costs of cleani

37、ng the air on to individual driverswho must pay fees or buy better vehiclesrather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.Its not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issu

38、e in next years mayoral election. And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.Its not that measures such as Londons Ulez are useless. Far fr

39、om it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefitsfewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less

40、 cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governmentsBritains and others across Europehave failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting ca

41、rs out of certain areascity centres, “school streets”, even individual roadsare a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollutio

42、n. Were doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31. Which of the following is true about Madrids clean air zone?A Its effects are questionable.B It has been opposed by a judge.C It needs tougher enforcement.D Its fate is yet to be decided.32. Which is considered a weakness

43、 of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?A They are biased against car manufacturers.B They prove impractical for city councils.C They are deemed too mild for politicians.D They put too much burden on individual motorists.33. The author believes that the extension of Londons Ulez will .A arou

44、se strong resistanceB ensure Khans electoral successC improve the citys trafficD discourage car manufacturing34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?A Local residentsB Mayors.C Councilors.D National governments.35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companie

45、s .A will raise low-emission car productionB should be forced to follow regulationsC will upgrade the design of their vehiclesD should be put under public supervisionText 4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation wa

46、s born after 1995, give or take a yearthe attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market thats tighter than its been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know