语用学常月圆.pptx

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1、2023/2/231ContentsContents1 The Definition of Pragmatics2 Speech Act Theory3 Classifying Speech Acts 4 Conversational Implicature4.1 Cooperative Principle(CP)4.2 Categories of Maxims in CP4.3 Violation of the Maxims 5 References第1页/共41页1 Definition of Pragmatics1 Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics c

2、an be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.The study of language in use.第2页/共41页2 Speech Act TheoryJohn Austin(1911-1960)How to Do Things with Words (1962)speech acts:actions performed via utterances第3页/共41页2.1 Performatives and Cons

3、tativesConstatives 叙事句 Performatives施为句第4页/共41页5Constatives:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:I go to the park every Sunday.I go to the park every Sunday.I teach English.I teach English.第5页/共41页6 PerformativesPerformati

4、ves:utterances utterances which which are are used used to to perform perform acts,acts,do do not not describe describe or or report report anything anything at at all;all;the the uttering uttering of of the the sentence sentence is is the doing of an action;they cannot be said to be true or falseth

5、e doing of an action;they cannot be said to be true or false.Performative verbs:Performative verbs:name,bet,etc.name,bet,etc.第6页/共41页7I I dodo.I I namename this this ship ship Queen Queen Elizabeth.Elizabeth.I I givegive and and bequeathbequeath my my watch watch to my brother.to my brother.I I prom

6、isepromise to finish it in time.to finish it in time.I I declaredeclare the meeting open.the meeting open.I I warn warn you you that that the the bull bull will will charge.charge.第7页/共41页8Features of PerformativesFirst person singular subject 第一人称第一人称单数主语单数主语Speech act verbs/performative verbs:Simp

7、le present tense 一般现在时Indicative mood 陈述语气Active voice 主动态第8页/共41页9 I I promisepromise to be there.to be there.I I ll be there.ll be there.I I admitadmit I was wrong.I was wrong.I was foolish.I was foolish.I I thankthank you.you.I I m very grateful.m very grateful.I I apologizeapologize.I I m sorry.

8、m sorry.I I orderorder you to sit down.you to sit down.You must sit down.You must sit down.第9页/共41页 2.2 Illocutionary Act Theory行事行为/施为行为理论Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:第10页/共41页Level 1Level 1A locutionary act 发话行为/言内行为:the act of saying somethingthe act of saying somethingin the full sens

9、e of in the full sense of“saysay”.11Morning!第11页/共41页Level 2 Level 2 An illocutionary act 行事行为:an act performed in saying something.To say something is to do something.an act performed in saying something.To say something is to do something.12第12页/共41页13Morning!She offered a greeting.第13页/共41页Level

10、3 The perlocutionary act 成事行为/取效行为the act preformed by or as a result of saying,the effects on the hearer.By saying x and doing y,I did z(the words and actions will have different effects on the hearer).第14页/共41页Level 3 Level 3 15A show of friendshipAn instance of hypocrisyOR第15页/共41页 The The effect

11、 effect of of the the speakers speakers words words may may be be not not what what the the speaker speaker originally originally intended,intended,but but it it is is still still a a perlucutionary perlucutionary act act performed performed by him or her.by him or her.Illocutionary Illocutionary ac

12、t act is is related related to to the the speakers speakers intention intention and and perlocutionary act is not.perlocutionary act is not.16第16页/共41页Briefly Briefly Locutionary act The physical action of uttering the sentence 发话行为发话行为Illocutionary act The intention of the speaker 行事行为行事行为Perlocuti

13、onary act The effects of the sentence on the hearer 取效取效/成事成事行为行为17第17页/共41页Exercise Exercise Can Can you you recognize recognize the the locutionary,locutionary,illocutionary illocutionary and and perlocutionary perlocutionary act act performed performed by by the following utterance?the following

14、utterance?18第18页/共41页A wife says to her husband:“Theres no milk in the fridge.”Locutionary act:?Locutionary act:?Illocutionary act:?Illocutionary act:?Perlocutionary act:?Perlocutionary act:?19Uttering“There is no milk in the fridge.”Making a request:husband should go out and buy some.Offering an ex

15、planation:no milk left,so I will buy some.Husband follows the request and buy some milk.Husband understands why his wife is ready to go out.Or he may suspect the reason his wife offers:is she really going out to get some milk?第19页/共41页3 3 Classifying speech acts Classifying speech acts also made his

16、 contribution to the study of illocutionary speech acts.He specified five types of illocutionary speech acts.20John Searle(1932-)第20页/共41页1)representative描述性 I guess that he has come2)directive 指示性 Open the door!3)commissive 承担性 I promise to love you!4)expressive 表达性 Its very kind of you to have tho

17、ught of me.5)declaration 宣告性 I declare the meeting open/I fire you!第21页/共41页4 Conversational Implicature会话含义People do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.Herbert Paul Grice(1913-1988)William James lectures at Harvard in 1967Logic and Conversation in 1975第22页/共41页4.1Cooperative Pri

18、nciple(CP)合作原则Cooperative Principle:Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.使你所说的话,在其所发生的阶段,符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向第23页/共41页4 4.2 C.2 Categories of ategories of MMaxims in CPaxims in CP24第24页

19、/共41页25 Maxim of Quantity:Maxim of Quantity:数量准则数量准则/适量准则适量准则 Make Make your your contribution contribution as as informative informative as as required required(for(for the the current purposes of the exchange).current purposes of the exchange).Do not make your contribution more informative than re

20、quired.Do not make your contribution more informative than required.Maxim of Quality:Maxim of Quality:质量准则质量准则/真实准则真实准则 Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say something if you lack adequate evidence;Do not say something if you lack adequate evidenc

21、e;第25页/共41页26Maxim of Relation:相关准则Be relative.Maxim of Manner:方式准则/明晰准则Be perspicuous.Avoid obscurity of expression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief.Be orderly.第26页/共41页4.3 Violation of the maxims When we violate these maxims,in some situations,conversational implicature will arise.第27页/共41页284.3 4.3 Viola

22、tion of the maxims(Quantity)Violation of the maxims(Quantity)1.Make your contribution as informative as is required.A:昨天上街买了些什么?B:就买了些东西。I dont want to tell you what I bought.第28页/共41页292.2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Do not make your contribution more informative

23、 than is required.Aunt:How did Jimmy do his history exam?Aunt:How did Jimmy do his history exam?Mother:Oh,not at all well.Teachers asked Mother:Oh,not at all well.Teachers asked him things that happened before the him things that happened before the poor boy was born.poor boy was born.Her son should

24、 not be blamed.Her son should not be blamed.第29页/共41页304.3 4.3 Violation of the maxims Violation of the maxims(Quality)(Quality)1.Do not say what you believe to be 1.Do not say what you believe to be false.false.You are the cream in my coffee.You are the cream in my coffee.X runs as fast as a deer.X

25、 runs as fast as a deer.He is made of iron.He is made of iron.第30页/共41页312.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.A:A:NanjingNanjing is in is in JiangSuJiangSu,isn,isn t it?t it?B:And Rome is in Romania,I suppose.B:And Rome is in R

26、omania,I suppose.It It s ridiculous.s ridiculous.第31页/共41页324.3 Violation of the maxims(Relation)Be relevant.Be relevant.A:Prof.Wang is an old bag.A:Prof.Wang is an old bag.B:Nice weather for the time of year.B:Nice weather for the time of year.I don I don t want to talk about Prof.Wang.t want to ta

27、lk about Prof.Wang.第32页/共41页334.3 4.3 Violation of the maxims Violation of the maxims(Manner)(Manner)1.Avoid obscurity of expression1.Avoid obscurity of expressionA:LetA:Let s get the kids something.s get the kids something.B:Ok,but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.B:Ok,but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.Don Don

28、t give them chocolate.t give them chocolate.第33页/共41页342.Avoid ambiguity 2.Avoid ambiguity 买一赠一。买一赠一。第34页/共41页353.Be brief 3.Be brief A:Did you get my assignment?A:Did you get my assignment?B:I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of B:I received two pages clipped together and c

29、overed with rows of black squiggles.black squiggles.not satisfied.not satisfied.第35页/共41页Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Mother:Wheres the cake?Jimmy:Lucy was just in the kitchen.36Maxims of Quantity and Relation 第36页/共41页Exercise 2 Exercise 2 Man:May I know your name?Man:May I know your name?Woman:Diana Wang

30、.And yours?Woman:Diana Wang.And yours?Man:Man:David.David.David David Zhang.Zhang.My My friends friends all all call call me me Dave.Dave.I I am am a a director director in in a a joint joint venture.venture.Im Im going going to to New New York York on on a a business trip next week.business trip ne

31、xt week.37Maxims of Quantity&Relation&Manner 第37页/共41页Exercise 3Exercise 3Xiao Xiao Li Li is is a a bachelor bachelor with with a a good good job job and and a a handsome handsome income.income.Mrs.Mrs.Chen Chen is is thinking thinking of of doing doing a a match-making match-making for for him him

32、and and a a friends friends daughter.daughter.She She has has the the following following conversation conversation with with Mrs.Mrs.Yang,a colleague of Xiao Li:Yang,a colleague of Xiao Li:Mrs.Mrs.Chen:Chen:That That Xiao Xiao Li Li in in your your department department looks looks like like a a ni

33、ce nice guy.guy.He He isnt married yet,is he?isnt married yet,is he?Mrs.Mrs.Yang:Yang:Well,Well,hes hes from from the the countryside countryside of of Sichuan.Sichuan.Hes Hes got got five five brothers brothers and and sisters sisters and and hes hes the the eldest.eldest.38Maxims of Quantity and Relation 第38页/共41页ReferencesHuang,Yan.1991.A Neo-Gricean Pragmatics Theory of Anaphora.Journal of Pragmatics,27,301-335.Mey,J.1993.Pragmatics:An Introduction.Oxford:Blackwell.胡壮麟 姜望琪 2002，语言学高级教程（英文），北京大学出版社。第39页/共41页 Thank you!第40页/共41页感谢您的观看！第41页/共41页