inflection_词的屈折(曲折).ppt

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1、Inflection词的屈折DefinitionInflectionisvariationintheformofaword,typicallybymeansofanaffix(词缀),thatexpressesagrammaticalcontrastwhichisobligatoryforthestems(词干)wordclassinsomegivengrammaticalcontext.Inflectional affixes屈折词缀屈折词缀inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinfl

2、ectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.屈折变化：屈折变化是通过附加屈折词缀的语法关系的表现，如数、人称、有定性、体、格，屈折词缀不会改变所附加词语的语法类。affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectionalInflectionalaffixes屈折词缀加在词干的后边，传递

3、不同的语法关系或语法范畴，如数、时、格等。如books中的-s是屈折词缀，传递复数；wiser中的-er是屈折词缀，传递比较级概念，等。Inflectionisaprocesswhichcombineswordsandaffixes(alwayssuffixesinEnglish)toproducedifferentwordformsofthesamelexeme.Inflectionalmorphologyoccurswithnouns,pronounsandverbs.Innouns,inflectionmarkspluralityinregularnouns:Inflection and

4、 DerivationSum up,inflection is a process which produces different word forms of the same lexeme;whereas derivation creates new wordsIf derivation and inflection co-occurs,derivations are inner,closer to the stem,and inflections are outer,furthest from the stem.ExampleBase+Derivation+Inflectionfrigh

5、tenedfright-en-edactivatingact-ate-ingpaymentspay-ment-sresignationsresign-ation-sDerivationistheformationofanewwordorinflectablestemfromanotherwordorstem.Ittypicallyoccursbytheadditionofanaffix.Thederivedwordisoftenofadifferentwordclassfromtheoriginal.Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）A）prefix:Aprefixcomesb

6、eforewords.B）suffix:Aprefixcomesafterwords前缀前缀出现在单词的前边。前缀的主要功能是改变词干的语义，一般来说前缀不改变词的词性，如，当我们在friendly前边加上un-时，它的语义发生了改变，但是单词的词性不变。但是，也有一些例外情况，如：unearth,enlarge,prewar等。后缀后缀加在词干的后边。后缀主要改变词性，也可以改变语义的功能。Types of derivational affixesDerivationalaffixesareoftwokinds:word-classchangingandword-classmaintaini

7、ng.NominalizersareusedtoformnounsVerbalizersareusedtoformverbsAdjectivizersareusedtoformadjectivesAdverbializersareusedtoformadverbsNominalizerVerbVerbAffixAffixNounNounAdj.Adj.AffixAffixNounNounleak-ageleakageaccurate-yaccuracygovern-mentgovernmentsocial-istsocialistBetray-albetrayalpure-itypurityr

8、esign-ationResignationfree-domfreedomdefend-cedefencegood-nessgoodnessAttend-anceattendancetrue-thtruthattend-antattendantRefer-eeRefereeDepart-uredeparturefarm-erFarmerinquire-yinquiryMorphological Rule:V+ageNA+yNVerbalizerNounNounAffixAffixVerbVerbAdj.Adj.AffixAffixVerbVerbfright-enfrightensoft-en

9、softencomputer-izecomputerizeableen-enablefriendbe-befriendpure-ifypurifyglory-fyglorifylegal-izelegalizeearthun-unearthdangeren-endangerMorphological Rule:N+enVA+enVAdjectivizerNounNounAffixAffixAdjectiveAdjectiveVerbVerbAffixAffixAdjectiveAdjectiveseason-alseasonalnegotiate-ablenegotiablerag-edrag

10、gedcreate-ivecreativecare-lesscarelessdepend-entdependentsuburb-ansuburbantire-some tiresomegold-engoldensense-orysensoryclock-likeclocklikehope-fulHopefulfriend-lyfriendlyfame-ousfamouschild-ishchildishMorphological Rule:N+alAV+ableAAdverbializerAdjectivAdjective eAffixAffixAdverbAdverbNounNounAffi

11、xAffixAdverbAdverbquick-lyquicklyhome-wardhomewardlonea-aloneclock-wiseclockwisesky-wards skywardsshorea-ashoreMorphological Rule:A+lyAdvN+wardAdvWord-class maintaining derivational affixesNAffixNVAffixVscholar-shipscholarshipjoinad-adjoinchild-hoodchildhoodagreedis-disagreeking-domkingdomopenre-reopenwifeex-ex-wifejudgepre-prejudgeworkerco-co-workertieun-uniteAAffixApossibleim-impossiblegreen-ishgreenish