Thaler Sow Nutrition_Chinese.pdf

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1、Breeding Herd NutritionBreeding Herd NutritionBreeding Herd NutritionBreeding Herd Nutrition种猪营养种猪营养Dr. Bob Dr. Bob Dr. Bob Dr. Bob ThalerThalerThalerThaler 鲍勃鲍勃- - - -泰勒泰勒 博士博士S S S South Dakota State Universityouth Dakota State Universityouth Dakota State Universityouth Dakota State University美国南达

2、卡他州立大学美国南达卡他州立大学23Electronic Sow Feeders电子饲喂4Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction妊娠母猪妊娠母猪 Gestation sets the stage for success or failure during farrowing and lactation妊娠期决定了分娩及哺乳的成败 Early stages 妊娠早期 Successful conception and em

3、bryo survival受孕及胚胎存活 Mid-gestation 妊娠中期 Growth and development of fetuses 胎儿发育成长 Increasing/replenishing body nutrient stores增加/充填体内养分 Late gestation 妊娠后期 Fetal growth primarily occurs 胎儿生长主要时期 Mammary development 乳腺发育5Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Objectives Objectives Obj

4、ectives Objectives妊娠母猪妊娠母猪目标目标 Desired outcomes of a successful gestation feeding program are: 期望的目标： Prepare the sow for farrowing and lactation准备好分娩与泌乳 A large, vigorous litter of pigs at farrowing产仔多活力好 A healthy sow equipped to produce large quantities of milk for the suckling litter 泌乳多 Maintai

5、n sow for reproductive longevity保持繁殖寿命 Reasonable economic cost 合理成本Objective of the Gestation Feeding Program妊娠母猪饲喂目标 Allow optimum litter development胎儿发育最佳 Prepare sow for lactation 准备好泌乳 Attain a targeted sow weight gain that will allow all sows to achieve a backfat level of 18-20 mm at farrowing

6、 达到目标增重，并使所有母猪的背膘在分娩时达到18-20mmEstimating sows feed requirements from backfat and weight categories估计不同体重及背膘厚度母猪的饲料需要量Use Renco Lean-meater to scan for backfat at last rib 6.3 to 8.9 cm from midline最后肋偏背中线最后肋偏背中线6.3-8.9cm6.3-8.9cm6.3-8.9cm6.3-8.9cm处处Move probe until highest value is found读取最大值读取最大值Ge

7、station妊娠期 Sows need high quality amino acids 母猪需要高质量的氨基酸 Amino acids from protein sources & synthetic lysine are absorbed at different rates 蛋白来源和合成的赖氨酸有不同吸收速率Effects of Lysine Source on Rate of Absorption不同赖氨酸来源的吸收率0 0 0 0202020204040404060606060.0 .0 .0 .0.5 .5 .5 .51.01.01.01.0 1.51.51.51.5 2.02

8、.02.02.0 2.52.52.52.5 3.03.03.03.0 4.04.04.04.0 5.05.05.05.0 6.06.06.06.0SBMSBMSBMSBML_LysineL_LysineL_LysineL_LysineHours after Hours after Hours after Hours after eating eating eating eating 采食后小时采食后小时Adapted from Yen et al. 1993Adapted from Yen et al. 1993Adapted from Yen et al. 1993Adapted from

9、Yen et al. 1993血赖氨酸，血赖氨酸，mg/dlmg/dlmg/dlmg/dlPortal Portal Portal Portal Lysine, mg/dlLysine, mg/dlLysine, mg/dlLysine, mg/dl豆粕豆粕合成合成L-L-L-L-赖氨酸赖氨酸Effect of Feeding Frequency on Synthetic Amino Acid Utilization饲喂频率对合成氨基酸利用的影响 Synthetic amino acids are absorbed faster than those from intact protein s

10、ources (soybean meal)合成的氨基酸相比全蛋白源（豆粕）吸收更快 Therefore, even though there is enough total lysine in the diet, the differences in absorption rates cause the pig to be in a lysine-deficient state 因此，尽管日粮中含充足的赖氨酸，但因吸收速率的不同会引起赖氨酸的缺乏Arginine精氨酸NOPA胎盘血管发育Placental vascular development胎盘血流量Placental blood flo

11、w增加营养物质母体至胎儿的转运Increase placental transport of nutrients to the fetusWu et al. J Nutr 134: 2169-2172, 2004.NO = Nitric Oxide 一氧化氮PA = Polyamine多胺12精氨酸添加促进猪胎盘血管生成Arginine can improve the placental angiogenesis in pigs Li XL, Bazer FW, Johnson GE et al (2010) J Nutr 13Gestating Sows 妊娠母猪Gestation feed

12、 intake inversely affects Gestation feed intake inversely affects Gestation feed intake inversely affects Gestation feed intake inversely affects lactation feed intakelactation feed intakelactation feed intakelactation feed intake妊娠母猪采食量反面影响泌乳母猪采食量妊娠母猪采食量反面影响泌乳母猪采食量 To maximize lactation feed intake

13、 and sow performance, gestation feed intake must be limited为提高泌乳期母猪采食量，妊娠母猪必须限饲14Problems Associated with Problems Associated with Problems Associated with Problems Associated with Over-Feeding Gestating SowsOver-Feeding Gestating SowsOver-Feeding Gestating SowsOver-Feeding Gestating Sows过度饲喂妊娠母猪的问题

14、过度饲喂妊娠母猪的问题 Compromises mammary development 影响乳腺发育 Depresses feed intake during lactation抑制泌乳期母猪采食量 Increases birthing difficulties 难产 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 5 BCS 5 BCS 515Problems Associated with Problems Associated

15、 with Problems Associated with Problems Associated with Under-Feeding Gestating SowsUnder-Feeding Gestating SowsUnder-Feeding Gestating SowsUnder-Feeding Gestating Sows妊娠期母猪饲喂不足的影响妊娠期母猪饲喂不足的影响 Failure to recycle 发情困难 Lower conception rates 受胎率低 Smaller subsequent litter size 后续胎次产仔少 Downer sow syndr

16、ome 母猪瘫痪症 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 1 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 2 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 3 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 4 BCS 5 BCS 5 BCS 5 BCS 516Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Gestating Sow Feeding Strategy Feeding Strategy Feeding Strategy Feeding Strategy妊娠母猪妊娠母猪饲喂策略饲喂策略 Average feeding level pitfall

17、s 均衡饲喂的缺陷 Phase feeding 分阶段喂87654 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18断奶 Wean按体况Feed to condition配种 Mate磅饲料磅饲料lbs of feedlbs of feedlbs of feedlbs of feedWeeks Weeks Weeks Weeks post-matingpost-matingpost-matingpost-mating配种后周数配种后周数减少胚胎死亡Reduceembryonicmortality增加料量HigherintakeFarrowDrop intake降低料量17Establishing

18、Nutrient Requirements and Establishing Nutrient Requirements and Establishing Nutrient Requirements and Establishing Nutrient Requirements and Feed AllowancesFeed AllowancesFeed AllowancesFeed Allowances确定营养推荐量及饲喂量确定营养推荐量及饲喂量 Account for variation in: 差异： Body size and Condition 体重体况 Productivity 繁殖

19、性能 Stage of Gestation 妊娠阶段 Health Status 健康水平 Environmental Circumstances 环境条件18Feeding Systems Feeding Systems Feeding Systems Feeding Systems 饲喂方式饲喂方式 Limit-fed 限饲 Individual stalls 单体栏 Electronic sow feeders 电子饲喂 Other delivery systems 其它 Use of dietary fiber 日粮纤维 Potential advantages 潜在好处 Challe

20、nges 困难2012-12-17Options Options Options Options Feeding Feeding Feeding Feeding 给料方式给料方式Feed DropsFeed Drops (floor)Trickle Feeding20Target Feeding / Energy LevelsTarget Feeding / Energy LevelsTarget Feeding / Energy LevelsTarget Feeding / Energy Levels目标给料量目标给料量/ / / /能量水平能量水平ParityParityParityPar

21、ity胎次胎次Body weight, lbBody weight, lbBody weight, lbBody weight, lb体重，磅体重，磅Flank-to-flank, Flank-to-flank, Flank-to-flank, Flank-to-flank, in in in in胁部腹围，吋胁部腹围，吋Feed, lb/dFeed, lb/dFeed, lb/dFeed, lb/d料量，磅料量，磅/ / / /天天0250-35032.7-36.44.50350-45036.4-40.15.21350-45036.4-40.14.81450-55040.1-43.85.51

22、550-65043.8-47.66.12+350-45036.4-40.14.02+450-55040.1-43.84.62+550-65043.8-47.65.221Amino Acid RecommendationsAmino Acid RecommendationsAmino Acid RecommendationsAmino Acid Recommendations氨基酸推荐量氨基酸推荐量Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Pa

23、r 2+Litter size Litter size Litter size Litter size 料型料型10.510.510.510.512.512.512.512.51212121214141414Feed intake, lb/dFeed intake, lb/dFeed intake, lb/dFeed intake, lb/d日料量，磅日料量，磅4.64.64.64.64.74.74.74.74.14.14.14.14.24.24.24.2Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb 增重，磅增重，磅11511511511512

24、51251251258080808090909090Lys, total, %0.680.700.580.60Lys, SID, %0.580.600.500.52Thr, SID, %0.440.460.380.40Met, SID, %0.160.160.140.14Trp, SID, %0.110.110.090.10ME, Mcal/d6.907.056.156.30Lys, SID, g/d12.212.89.39.9Table 5 on Page 1122Mineral RecommendationsMineral RecommendationsMineral Recommenda

25、tionsMineral Recommendations矿物质推荐量矿物质推荐量Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 0&1Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Par 2+Litter sizeLitter sizeLitter sizeLitter size料型料型10.510.510.510.512.512.512.512.51212121214141414Feed intake, lb/dFeed intake, lb/dFeed intake, lb/dFeed inta

26、ke, lb/d日料量日料量4.64.64.64.64.74.74.74.74.14.14.14.14.24.24.24.2Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb Wt gain, lb 增重增重1151151151151251251251258080808090909090Ca, total, %0.900.900.850.85P, total, %0.800.800.750.75P, avail, %0.450.450.400.40Ca, total, g/d18.819.215.816.2P, total, g/d16.717.114.014.3P, av

27、ail, g/d9.49.67.47.6Table 5 on Page 1123Vitamin and Trace Mineral RecommendationsVitamin and Trace Mineral RecommendationsVitamin and Trace Mineral RecommendationsVitamin and Trace Mineral Recommendations维生素及微量矿物推荐量维生素及微量矿物推荐量MineralsMineralsMineralsMineralsAmtAmtAmtAmtVitaminsVitaminsVitaminsVitami

28、nsAmtAmtAmtAmtSalt, %0.5A, IU/lb4000Copper, ppm16D, IU/lb300Iodine, ppm0.3E, IU/lb30Iron, ppm165K, mg/lb2Manganese, ppm30Riboflavin, mg/lb4Selenium, ppm0.3Niacin, mg/lb15Zinc, ppm165Pantothenic acid, mg/lb10Choline, mg/lb250Biotin, mg/lb0.1B12, mg/lb0.01Folic acid, mg/lb0.75Table 11 on Page 17Lactat

29、ionLactationLactationLactation泌乳母猪泌乳母猪2527Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction泌乳母猪泌乳母猪 Challenge of feeding lactating sow:泌乳期母猪饲喂的困难 Minimizing negative nutrient balance during lactation to avoid short- and long-term reproductive

30、 performance problems避免近、长期对繁殖问题的影响 Increased productivity of current genetics新品种母猪的生产率大大提高 Minimize negative nutrient balance将负面营养的影响降至最低 Maximize sow feed intake 使采食量最大 Increase nutrient concentrations 增加营养浓度28Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Lactating Sow Objectives Objectives Objectives

31、 Objectives泌乳母猪泌乳母猪目标目标 Ensure all sows consume sufficient quantities of feed to minimize energy/nutrient shortfalls保证所有的母猪均摄入充足饲料，将能量/营养不足降至最低 Minimize short- and long-term reproductive performance problems due to negative energy and nutrient balance将对近、长期繁殖性能的影响降至最低 Optimize litter performance窝产成绩

32、最佳29Factors Affecting Sow Nutrient RequirementsFactors Affecting Sow Nutrient RequirementsFactors Affecting Sow Nutrient RequirementsFactors Affecting Sow Nutrient Requirements影响母猪营养需要量的因素影响母猪营养需要量的因素 Body weight 体重 Primarily maintenance of body tissues主要是维持体组织 Highly prolific/productive sows utiliz

33、e nutrients from body tissue reserves to support lactation as well as feed 高产母猪同时利用体组织储备和饲料来支撑泌乳 Milk yield and composition 泌乳量及其成分 Directly related to litter growth rate直接与窝仔生长速度有关 Environmental conditions 环境因素 Minimal effect in modern facilities 现代化的猪舍影响小 Can greatly affect feed intake 有可能严重影响采食量

34、How to feed 如何饲喂? Sow needs a lot of nutrients for milking or will take it from body reserves causing subsequent reproductive problems 摄取大量养分满足产奶需要否则动用大量体储引发后续繁殖问题 Full feed ASAP尽早自由采食 limit feeding causes constipation, MMA, etc 限饲引发便秘、母猪无乳综合征等Lactation泌乳期 On day of farrowing, add 1 kg 分娩当天：1kg On d

35、ay after farrowing, add 2 kg 分娩后第1天：2kg After that, full feed 之后：自由采食 If intake is 5% added fat will decrease subsequent reproductive performance 超过5%脂肪添加会降低后续繁殖性能 It needs to be added at the 0-4% level 适当添加0-4%脂肪 Fat is a very expensive source of energy 昂贵的能量来源Lactation Feeding ProgramsLactation Fe

36、eding ProgramsLactation Feeding ProgramsLactation Feeding Programs泌乳母猪饲喂程序泌乳母猪饲喂程序 Lysine requirement influenced by energy intake能量摄取影响赖氨酸需要 At low energy levels, more lysine has no effect 低能量水平时，增加赖氨酸水平无效 As energy increases, response to lysine increases随能量水平增加，增加赖氨酸提高产奶量35Lactation Diets泌乳母猪日粮 Rec

37、ent research shows that other amino acids need to be watched more closely in lactation diets:最新研究表明其他氨基酸也需引起重视： Valine, isoleucine, & methionine 缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和蛋氨酸 Valine is the second limiting amino acid for sows 缬氨酸-哺乳母猪第二限制性氨基酸 Possibly threonine and tryptophan 苏氨酸和色氨酸Amino Acid Ratio氨基酸比例 Amino Acid S

38、tarter Finishing Sows 氨基酸 小猪 育肥猪 母猪 Lysine 100 100 100100100100 Tryptophan 14 16 20 Threonine 58 66 72 Isoleucine 54 63 65 Met & Cys 48 58 60 Valine 57 67 10010010010037Effect of Synthetic Lysine Additions合成赖氨酸的添加 Corn-SBM Diet 玉米-豆粕 .90% lysine 17% protein .90% valine 100% of lysine Requirement = 1

39、00% of lysine Corn-SBM-Lysine 玉米-豆粕-赖氨酸 1.36 kg lysine/ton .90% lysine 15.8% protein .84% valine 93% of lysine Synthetic lysine decreases SBM in diet 合成赖氨酸降低了豆粕使用 This decreases the levels of all the other amino acids in the diets 降低其他氨基酸水平 Can have a deficiency in valine and possibly threonine 缬氨酸缺

40、乏，苏氨酸也可能缺乏 Due to potential deficiencies of other essential amino acids, the use of synthetic amino acids in lactations rations is STRONGLYSTRONGLYSTRONGLYSTRONGLY discouraged! 由于某些必需氨基酸的潜在缺乏，强烈强烈建议添加相应的合成氨基酸Water Flow Rate & Feed IntakeWater Flow Rate & Feed IntakeWater Flow Rate & Feed IntakeWater

41、 Flow Rate & Feed Intake水流速率水流速率& & & &采食量采食量3.93.93.93.93.43.43.43.44.64.64.64.64.14.14.14.15.25.25.25.24.44.44.44.40 0 0 01 1 1 12 2 2 23 3 3 34 4 4 45 5 5 56 6 6 6Sow Feed Intake,kgSow Feed Intake,kgSow Feed Intake,kgSow Feed Intake,kgWk 1Wk 1Wk 1Wk 1Wk 2Wk 2Wk 2Wk 2Wk 3Wk 3Wk 3Wk 3750 ml/min750

42、ml/min750 ml/min750 ml/min75 ml/min75 ml/min75 ml/min75 ml/minRecommend Recommend Recommend Recommend .5 to 1 liter/minute .5 to 1 liter/minute .5 to 1 liter/minute .5 to 1 liter/minute for sowsfor sowsfor sowsfor sows推荐：推荐：0.5-10.5-10.5-10.5-1升升/ / / /分钟分钟/ / / /母猪母猪 A corn-SBM diet will support a

43、normal lactation if consumed in adequate amounts 如采食量足够，玉米-豆粕日粮可满足正常的泌乳期需求 Other factors like gestation feeding level, water intake, # of feedings/day, drip cooling, etc. all play a major role in lactation feed consumption其他因素如妊娠期饲喂水平、饮水量、每天饲喂次数和滴水降温等都会对采食量起到重要作用43Maximizing Feed IntakeMaximizing Fe

44、ed IntakeMaximizing Feed IntakeMaximizing Feed Intake将采食量提高至最大将采食量提高至最大 Parity 胎次 Sow condition entering farrowing进入产房时的体况 Dietary amino acids日粮氨基酸 Feed multiple times daily每天多次饲喂Maximizing Feed IntakeMaximizing Feed IntakeMaximizing Feed IntakeMaximizing Feed Intake将采食量提高至最大将采食量提高至最大 Diet form and

45、feeder design料型及料槽设计 Water饮水 Environmental conditions环境因素 Different feeding methods不同给料方法45Developing Practical Lactation DietsDeveloping Practical Lactation DietsDeveloping Practical Lactation DietsDeveloping Practical Lactation Diets开发实用的泌乳母猪料开发实用的泌乳母猪料 Ingredient selection 选原料 Estimate feed intak

46、e 估计采食量 Nutrient recommendations take into account考虑 Sow body weight 体重 Litter performance 窝仔生长 Voluntary feed intake levels 自主采食量46Macro Nutrient Recommendations Macro Nutrient Recommendations Macro Nutrient Recommendations Macro Nutrient Recommendations 主要养分推荐量主要养分推荐量Sow parity Sow parity Sow pari

47、ty Sow parity 胎次胎次Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 1Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+Parity 2+LactLactLactLact wt change, lb wt change, lb wt change, lb wt change, lb 泌乳期体重变化泌乳期体重变化D D D Daily feed intake, lb aily feed intake, lb aily feed

48、intake, lb aily feed intake, lb 日采食量日采食量P P P Piglet wt gain, lb/d iglet wt gain, lb/d iglet wt gain, lb/d iglet wt gain, lb/d 仔猪增重仔猪增重L L L Litter size weaned itter size weaned itter size weaned itter size weaned 断奶头数断奶头数L L L Litter wean wt, lb itter wean wt, lb itter wean wt, lb itter wean wt, lb

49、 断奶窝重断奶窝重-25-25-25-2511.811.811.811.80.490.490.490.4911111111145145145145-10-10-10-1010.110.110.110.10.400.400.400.4010101010115115115115-10-10-10-1014.214.214.214.20.490.490.490.4912121212160160160160+5+5+5+512.312.312.312.30.400.400.400.4011111111125125125125Lys, total, %1.130.951.040.88Lys, SID,

50、%1.000.830.920.76Ca, %0.900.900.850.85P, total, %0.800.800.750.75P, avail, %0.450.450.400.40Table 7 on Page 1347Micro Nutrient RecommendationsMicro Nutrient RecommendationsMicro Nutrient RecommendationsMicro Nutrient Recommendations微量养分推荐量微量养分推荐量MineralsMineralsMineralsMineralsAmtAmtAmtAmtVitaminsVi