初中英语语法 大全.doc

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1、 第 1 页 共 40 页初中英语语法大全初中英语语法大全语法网络图语法网络图一名词一名词 I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词国名地名人名，团 体机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法 与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish- dish

2、es变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves3以-f 或- fe 结尾 的词加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city- cities5以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专 有名词以 y 结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays

3、, Henry- Henrys一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo- kilos, solo-solos6以辅音 字母加- o 结尾的 名词 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th 结尾的名词加-struth-tru

4、ths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path- paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词第 2 页 共 40 页1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集

5、体名词既可以作单数（整体） 也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Por

6、tuguese, Chinese, Japanese7表示 “某国 人”以-man 或-woman 结尾的改 为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分 变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8合成名 词将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是

7、名词词尾加s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾 均须加sJ

8、apans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词 末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格 后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s 所有格的用法：第 3 页 共 40 页表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示

9、国家城市等地方的 名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系 的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法：

10、用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词二冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“

11、每一”相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或 与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many,

12、half, what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过 的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the v

13、iolin, play the guitar第 4 页 共 40 页5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高 级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川 群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in C

14、hina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某 个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表 示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名 地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose

15、 purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐 前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses a

16、re useful animals.三代词三代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 1人称 代词宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 2物主 代词名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词

17、this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever第 5 页 共 40 页6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 7不定代词other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one,

18、 some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句 和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some

19、和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三 个或三个以

20、上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no： no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数 名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.

21、How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the

22、other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).第 6 页 共 40 页The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like b

23、asketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定 用 neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词四形容词和副

24、词 I. 形容词： 1. 形容词的位置： 1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成 的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连

25、用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容 词冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有 格序数 词基数 词性质 状态大小 长短 形状新旧 温度颜色国籍 产地材料 质地all both suchthe a this another yoursecond nextone fourbeautiful good poorlarge short squarenew c

26、oolblack yellowChinese Londonsilk stone名 词3) 复合形容词的构成：第 7 页 共 40 页1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10 数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词 副词的分类：1时间副 词soon, now, ea

27、rly, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副 词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词 how, where, when, why3方式副 词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副 词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副

28、词 when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级： 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形 容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。 3. 表示一方随另一方

29、变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型： Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最

30、高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词五介词 I. 介词分类：1简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to,

31、 thanks to第 8 页 共 40 页4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分词转化成的介 词considering(就而论), including6形容词转化成的 介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的 in, on, atat 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关2表示时间的 since, fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from 指从 时间的某一点开始3表示时间的 in,

32、afterin 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在 过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的 in, on, toin 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之 外5表示“在上”的 on, inon 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的 through, acrossthrough 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关，across 表示在表面上通 过，与 on 有关7表示“关于”的 about, onabout 指涉及到，on 指专门论述8between 与 among 的区 别between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者

33、以上的中间9besides 与 except 的区别besides 指“除了还有再加上”，except 指“除了，减去什 么”，不放在句首10 表示“用”的 in, withwith 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单 位，语言，声音11 as 与 like 的区别as 意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like 为“象一样”，指 情形相似12 in 与 into 区别in 通常表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位 置六动词六动词 I. 动词的时态： 1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一

34、般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask第 9 页 共 40 页进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have asked should/would have asked完成进 行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2

35、. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成 的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之， 利用过去，说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的 内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连 用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如： I read the novel last mon

36、th. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关） 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别： 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多 用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。 一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般

37、将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原 形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+动词原 形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事， 或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up. Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 进行时 表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等 词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的 动作He is moving to the south. Are they l

38、eaving for Europe? 4be about to + 动词 原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的 动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.5be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般现在时表示将 来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事 情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock. The plane leaves

39、at ten this evening.第 10 页 共 40 页II. 动词的被动语态：常用被动语 态构成常用被动语 态构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked2一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked4过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动 词的can/

40、must/may be asked被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉 其中介副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：

41、 It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The doo

42、r wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.注 意 事 项下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, c

43、ome about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等七情态动词七情态动词第 11 页 共 40 页I. 情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答cancan not / cannot /cant docould能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定 句或疑问句中）couldnt doCando? Yes,can. No,cant.maymay not do Maydo? Yes,may. No,mustnt/cant.might可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或

44、许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中）might not doMightdo? Yes,might No,might not.must必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推 测）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must. No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须， 有时态人称变化）dont have to doDohave to do? Yes,do. No,dont.ought to应当（表示义务责任，口语 中多用 shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do? Yes,o

45、ught. No,oughtnt.shall将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命 令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShalldo? Yes,shall. No,shant.should应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?willwill not/wont dowould意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中 would 比较委婉would not/wouldnt doWilldo? Yes,will. No,wont.dare敢（常用于否定句和疑问句 中）dare not/daren

46、t doDaredo? Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问 句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo? Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to doUsedto do? Yes,used. No,use(d)nt.第 12 页 共 40 页didnt use to doDiduse to do? Yes,did. No,didnt.II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测： 以 must 为例。must +

47、do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正 在进行的事情；must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may 和 might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have fi

48、nished their task. 3. can 和 could“可能”，could 表示可疑的可能性，不及 cant 语气强，用于肯定、否定、 疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生） Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很 强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) II

49、I. 情态动词注意点： 1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。但 be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”，而 can 无 法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to 和 would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而 would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉 及现在。 3. need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别： 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed) /dare(dare