初一语法基础知识 .doc

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1、1一、一、 词法词法 1、名词、名词 A）、名词的数）、名词的数我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式， 但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一）在后面加一）在后面加 s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二）二）x, sh, ch, s, tch 后加后加 es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes 三）三）1）以辅音字母加）以辅音字母加 y 结尾的变结尾的变 y 为为 i 再加再加 es 如：baby-babies

2、, family- families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story- stories 2）以元音字母加）以元音字母加 y 结尾的直接加结尾的直接加 s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key- keys, ways 四）以四）以 o 结尾加结尾加 s（外来词）（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加 o 的加 es： 如: tomatoes 西红柿, potatoes 马铃薯 五）以五）以 f 或或 fe 结尾的变结尾的变 f 为为 v 再加再加

3、 es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half- halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六）单复数相同（不变的）有：六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer 鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以

4、是复数的有：police 警察局，警察, class 班，同学, family 家，家庭成员 九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie- action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由 man 或 woman 所组成的合成词 的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十）有的单复数意思不同十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类, paper 纸 papers 报纸，

5、 卷子，论文, work 工作 works 作品，工厂, glass 玻璃 glasses 玻璃杯，眼镜, orange 桔子水 oranges 橙子, light 光线 lights 灯, people 人 peoples 民族, time 时间 times 时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 十一）十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加 s 或或s。如：Is (Is), Ks (Ks)。 但如是缩略词则只加 s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs 十二）十二） 特殊形式的有：特殊形式的有：child-children, man

6、-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB）名词的格）名词的格当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下： 一）单数在后面加一）单数在后面加s。如：brothers, Mikes, teachers 二）复数以二）复数以 s 结尾的直接在结尾的直接在 s 后加后加，如果不是以，如果不是以 s 结尾的与单数一样处理。结尾的与单数一样处理。如： Teachers Day 教师节, classmates; Childrens Day 六一节, Wom

7、ens Day 三 八节2三）由三）由 and 并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个 s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Bens room 迈克和本 的房间（共住一间），Mikes and Bens rooms 迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）2、代词、代词 项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词 人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称

8、单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself He him his his himself it it its its itself 复数 they them their theirs themselvesThis that these those 3、动词、动词 A） 第三人称单数 当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加 s，如下： 一）一般在词后加一）一般在词后加 s。如

9、：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains 二）在二）在 x, sh, ch, s, tch 后加后加 es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes 三）三）1）以辅音字母加）以辅音字母加 y 结尾的变结尾的变 y 为为 i 再加再加 es。如：study-studies, hurry- hurries, try-tries 2）以元音字母加）以元音字母加 y 结尾的直接加结尾的直接加 s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 四）以四）以 o 结尾加结尾加 es。如：do

10、es, goes 五）特殊的有五）特殊的有：are-is, have-hasB） 现在分词现在分词当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：一）一般在后加一）一般在后加 ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train- training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 二）以不发音二）以不发音 e 的结尾的去掉的结尾的去掉 e 再加再加 ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, ta

11、ke-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如 show showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加）要双写最后的辅音字母再加 ing。如：put- putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四）以四）以 ie 结尾的变结尾的变 ie 为为 y 再加再加 ing。如：tie-tyin

12、g 系 die-dying 死 lie-lying 位 于4、形容词的级、形容词的级3我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成 如下： 一）一） 一般在词后加一般在词后加 er 或或 est(如果是以如果是以 e 结尾则直接加结尾则直接加 r 或或 st)。如：greater- greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest 二）以重读闭音节结尾且二）以重读闭音节结尾且 1 个元音字母个元音字母1 个辅音字母个辅音字母(字母组合除外，

13、如字母组合除外，如 few- fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加 er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest 三）三） 以辅音字母以辅音字母y 结尾的变结尾的变 y 为为 i 加加 er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, ea

14、sy-easier easiest 四）特殊情况：四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、数词、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接 th；y 结尾，变为 i, eth 跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth,

15、ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、句式二、句式1.陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be 动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词) d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) Theres a computer on my desk. (Th

16、ere be 结构) 否定陈述句a) These arent their books. b) They dont look nice.c) Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate cant find her doll.e) There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.) 2. 祈使句 肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Lets learn English! c) Come in, please. 否定祈使句 a) Dont be late.b) Dont

17、 hurry.43. 疑问句 1) 一般疑问句a) Is Jim a student?b) Can I help you?c) Does she like salad?d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading? 肯定回答: a) Yes, he is.b) Yes, you can.c) Yes, she does.d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is. 否定回答: a) No, he isnt.b) No, you cant.c) No, she doesnt. d) No, they dont. e) No, she isnt.

18、 2) 选择疑问句Is the table big or small? 回答 Its big./ Its small. 3) 特殊疑问句 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. How do we contact you? My e-mail addre

19、ss is . 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? 问时间 Whats the time? (=What time is it?) Its a quarter to ten a.m. What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five oclock. When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00. 问地方 Wheres my backpack? Its under the table. 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. W

20、hats your favourite color? Its black. 问人物 Whos that? Its my sister. Who is the boy in blue? My brother. Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma. Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? 问东西 Whats this/that (in English)? Its a pencil case. What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberrie

21、s and hamburgers. 11 问姓名 Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen. Whats your first name? My first names Ben.5Whats your family name? My family names Smith. 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13 问字母 What letter is it? Its big D/small f. 14 问价格 How much are these pants? The

22、yre 15 dollars. 15 问电话号码 Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349. 16 问谓语(动作) Whats he doing? Hes watching TV. 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? Im a teacher. Whats your father? Hes a doctor.三、时态三、时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有： Be 动词：Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker. 情态动词：I can play th

23、e piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano. 行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes. Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch. 2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为 sb be v-ing sth + 其它. Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball. Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isnt writing a letter. Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music.