【精品】History and Geography The Foundations of Culture精品ppt课件.ppt

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1、History and Geography The Foundations of CultureWhatShouldYouLearn?TheimportanceofhistoryandgeographyintheunderstandingofinternationalmarketsTheeffectsofhistoryonacountryscultureHowcultureinterpretseventsthroughitsowneyesHowtheUnitedStatesmovedwestandhowthismoreaffectedattitudes2GlobalPerspectiveBir

2、thofaNationPanamain67HoursTounderstandasocietysactionsanditspointsofview,youneedtoappreciate:TheinfluenceofhistoricaleventsThegeographicaluniquenesstowhichaculturehashadtoadaptTointerpretaculturesbehaviorandattitudes,amarketermusthavesomeideaofacountryshistoryandgeography3USinvasionofPanamaOnDecembe

3、r19,1989,PresidentGeorgeH.W.BushdecidedtouseforceagainstPanama,declaringthattheoperationwasnecessarytosafeguardthelivesofU.S.citizensinPanama,defenddemocracyandhumanrights,combatdrugtrafficking,andsecurethefunctioningoftheCanalasrequiredbytheTorrijos-CarterTreaties.4HistoryPerspectiveinGlobalBusines

4、sHistoryhelpsdefineanationsmissionHowitperceivesitsneighboursHowitperceivesitselfItsplaceintheworldInsightsintohistoryareimportantforunderstandingcurrentattitudesItisnecessarytostudycultureasitisnowaswellastounderstandcultureasitwasAcountryshistory5JapaneseFeudalismDuringthe1100s,strongwarriorfamili

5、eschallengedthepoweroftheHeiancourt.Samurai,orwarriorknights,wagedfiercebattlesforcontroloftheland.Feudalismemergedoutoftheconflict.Feudalism:Systemwherelocallordsruledtheland,buttheyhadtobeloyaltotheemperor.JapaneseFeudalism1192:MinamotoYoritomohademergedasthestrongestmilitaryfigureinJapan.Theemper

6、orgavehimthetitleofshogun,orchiefgeneralofthearmy.AnewfeudalclasssystememergedunderMinamotoandhissuccessors.JapaneseFeudalismJapaneseFeudalSystemEmperorstoodattheheadofthesystem,butremainedafigurehead.Theshogunexercisedthemostpower.Controlledthelandandthepeople.Commandedanarmyofsamurai.CommonersPeas

7、ants,artisans,merchantsJapaneseFeudalismIntheory,theShoguncommandedcompleteloyaltyofhislords.Inpractice,thesamurailordsandtheirfollowersbattledforpowerwiththeshogunandoneanother.Bythe1400s,Japanwasinconstantstateofwar.Theshogunatepassedfromonemilitaryfamilytoanother.AchievingUnity1500s:Severalstrong

8、militaryleaderspushedtoreuniteJapan.ToyotomiHideyoshiAblegeneralwhowasthemostsuccessfulinreunitingJapan.1590:BroughtallofJapanunderhiscontrol.InvadedKoreaandhopedtoconquerChina.Failedinhisgoals,butbuiltthefoundationsforaunitedJapan.AchievingUnity1600:TokugawaIeyasu,Hideyoshissuccessor,claimedthetitl

9、eofshogun.SetuptheTokugawashogunate,whichlasteduntil1868.Duringthistime,shogunscreatedapeaceful,orderlysocietyundercentralizedfeudalism.AchievingUnityTokugawashogunsleftfeudalclassinplace,butbroughtthedaimyoundertheircontrol.Daimyo:greatsamuraiShogunrequireddaimyotospendeveryotheryearinEdo(Tokyo).Da

10、imyohadtoleavetheirwivesandchildreninEdoaspermanenthostagestoensuretheirgoodbehavior.Emperorremainedapowerlessfigurehead.AchievingUnityEconomicandSocialChanges:Edogrewfromasmallfishingvillagetoabustlingcity.Roadsimproved.Tradeandtravelincreased.Citiesandtownssprangupbyharborsandalongrivers.Neweconom

11、icmarketsdeveloped.AchievingUnityEconomicandSocialChanges:Thedaimyoandtheirsamuraifollowershadtoadapttothechangingconditions.Nolongerspentallitstimefighting.Somesamuraibecamegovernmentofficials.Othersmanagedtheestatesofdaimyosandtheshogun.Educationbecamemorewidespread.Bytheearly1800s,Japanhadbecomea

12、unifiednationinmanyways.AnIsolatedNationEarlyon,theTokugawasfeltthreatenedbythegrowingnumberofwesternerswhowerearrivinginJapan.Portuguese,Spanish,Dutch,EnglishCatholicmissionarieshadsuccessinconvertingpeople,whichangeredtheshogun.Early1600s:JapanesegovernmentbeganpersecutingforeignmissionariesandJap

13、aneseChristians.1639:Japanwasclosedtotheworld.Foreignerswereforbiddenfromenteringthecountry.Japanesewholeftcouldntreturn.Outlawedthebuildingofocean-goingships.Exceptions:SomecontactwithChina,Korea,andtheDutch.Isolationlastedformorethan200years.WWIIAlliesv.AxisPowersAlliesGreatBritainFranceSovietUnio

14、n(after6/1941)U.S.(after12/1941)PlusmanysmallerEuropeannationsAxisPowersGermanyItalyJapanPearlHarbourJapan was working on expanding empire throughout the PacificThe U.S.had a trade embargo on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countriesU.S.was able to intercept and break Japans secret codesI

15、ntercepted the code about Pearl Harbor-sent the message on a slower telegram(by accident)to warn U.S.Navy about attack PearlHarbourIt was a Sunday morning-U.S.military was taken off guard2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7,1941 Impact/Damage on U.S.o2,400 U.S.military and civilians lost

16、their liveso1,178 U.S.military and civilians woundedo18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damagedPearlHarbourJapan viewed as a stunning victoryDecember 8,1941,U.S.declares war on JapanDecember 11,1941,Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.FacetsofJapanesebehaviourLoyaltyto:FamilyCountryCompanySocialgroups

17、Andastrongdesiretoco-operateandtoworktogetherforacommoncausearerooteddeepintheJapaneseculture24EconomicmiraclecontinuedHardworkConcentratingonconsumergoodsforexportmarketClosegovernmentindustrycooperationNegotiatedsourcesofrawmaterialsProtectivelegislationJapantoday:problemsandstressesFallingbirthra

18、teAgingpopulationTextbookcontroversy:Japanesesystemhasoperatedthroughanationalgovernmentscreeningsystemwhichconstrictspublisheroptions,notablyinperiodsofsharpnationalistattackontextbooksRiseofthe“tigers”ofAsia(Singapore,Taiwan,HongKong,SouthKorea,China)Japantoday:problemsandstressesEconomicproblems:

19、Japansratioofgovernmentdebttogrossdomesticproduct,currentlyabout2.28,isbyfarthehighestintheindustrialworld,almostdoublethatofevenGreeceandItaly,andsteadilygrowingJapanstradebalanceisabouttogonegativeforthefirsttimesince1980JapanesecompaniesareshiftingproductionoverseasSpaceandpollutionRecurringnatur

20、alcalamities27HistoryisSubjectiveHistoricaleventsalwaysareviewedfromonesownbiasesandSRCAcrucialelementinunderstandinganynationsbusinessandpoliticalcultureisthesubjectiveperceptionofitshistoryRelationshipbetweenU.S.andMexicoMonroeDoctrine28MexicanRevolutionTheMexican Revolutionwasamajorarmedstrugglet

21、hatstartedin1910,withanuprisingledagainstlongtimeautocratPorfirioDazandisrememberedfortheexpulsionofforeignersmostnotablythewealthyandinfluentialNorthAmericanentrepreuners29TerritorialExpansionofUnitedStatesfrom178330ManifestDestinyandtheMonroeDoctrineBothacceptedasthebasisforU.S.foreignpolicyduring

22、muchofthe19thand20thcenturiesbasedonthebeliefthattheAmericanswereachosenpeoplebyGodtocreateamodelsocietyManifestDestinyjustifiedU.S.expansionAnnexationofTexas,Oregon,NewMexico,andCaliforniaU.S.involvementinCuba,Alaska,Hawaii,andthePhilippinesThreebasicdictaoftheMonroeDoctrineNofurtherEuropeancoloniz

23、ationintheNewWorldAbstentionoftheU.S.fromEuropeanpoliticalaffairsNoninterventionofEuropeangovernmentsinthegovernmentsoftheWesternHemisphereChangeintheMonroeDoctrine:1881RooseveltCorollary31ChangeintheMonroeDoctrine:1881RooseveltCorollaryThecorollarystatedthatnotonlywilltheUSprohibitnon-Americaninter

24、ventioninLatinAmericanaffairsbutwillalsopolicetheareaandguaranteethatLatinAmericannationsmettheirinternationalobligations.In1905thecorollarywasusedtoforciblyappointanadvisertoDominicanRepublicandlaterusedintheacquisitionofthePanamaCanalZone32U.S.InterventioninLatinAmericaSince194533Mexicans feeling

25、towards US US feelings for Mexico MexicansseetheUSasathreattotheirpolitical,culturalandeconomicsovereigntyTheUSissuspectedofthrowingitsweightaroundandhavingaselfinterestinhavinggoodrelationswithMexicoUScitizensdonotunderstandthehostilityoftheMexicanstowardsthemastheyfeelthattheyhavealwaysbeengoodnei

26、ghboursandhaveprotectedthemfromEuropeancolonisationContradictinghistoricalperspectiveofthetworegions34ExpropriationofforeigninvestmentsThehistoricalattitudes,fears,suspicionandprejudiceoftheLatinAmericanshasledinnotveryrecenttimestoexpropriationandconfiscationofforeigninvestmentseventhoughtheyhadbee

27、nmakingimportantcontributionstotheeconomy.35WhatShouldYouLearn?TheeffectofgeographicdiversityoneconomicprofilesofacountryWhymarketsneedtoberesponsivetogeographyofacountryEconomiceffectsofcontrollingpopulationgrowthversusagingpopulationCommunicationsareanintegralpartofinternationalcommerce36Frenchint

28、erventioninMaliFrenchreasonfortheinterventionremainsinlinewiththeWesternmantraof“waronterrorism”,andFrenchinterestsintheregionarenodoubteconomicasmuchaspolitical.Apartfromsome6,000FrenchcitizenslivinginMaliandasignificantMalianpopulationinFranceTheformerFrenchcolonyisAfricasthirdgoldproduceraswellas

29、thesiteofas-yetunexploiteduranium,gasandpetroleumreserves.37GeographyandGlobalMarketsGeographyanelementoftheuncontrollableenvironmentthatconfrontseverymarketerAffectsasocietyscultureandeconomy,howtheeconomyoperatestofulfillthewantsofitspeoplePhysicalmakeuplimitsanationsabilitytosupplyitspeoplesneeds

30、Onceseenasnaturalprotectionfromhostileneighbours,physicalbarrierspauseasbarrierstointernationaltrade38ClimateandTopographyAltitude,humidity,andtemperatureextremesSouthAmericaandthePanamaCanalBritishresistanceoftheEnglishChannelTradethroughtheAlpsTheconflictamongnationstocontrolvastareasoflandandsea3

31、9ProductmodificationtosuittopographyofthemarketBoschSiemensdesignedforEuropeancountriesrequiremorespincyclesasthesundoesnotshineregularlyinthesecountriesWhereasinEquatorialcountriesandcountrieslikeItalyandSpainclothescanbedampasthereisplentyofsunshineforclothestodry40Geography,NatureandEconomicGrowt

32、hMostunder-developednationsaretheonesthatsuffermostfromnaturalandhumanassisteddisastersClimateandtopography,politicalinstability,poorenvironmentalpolicies,naturaldisasters,lackoffundspushthemintofurthereconomicstagnation41Geography,NatureandEconomicGrowthHumaninterventiontoexploitnaturetoitsadvantag

33、emayreapbenefitsbutatthesametimecausesresultantenvironmental,politicalandeconomicissuesExample:aconstructionofadammaybringseveralbenefitstothenationbutbringsvariousotherproblemsinitswakeTheissuesofdisplacementofpopulation,environmentalhazards,lossoffertilityofsoil42Civilisationsandtheirconnectionswi

34、thwaterandforestsTheEgyptianCivilisationTheIndusValleyCivilisationThePygmiesofCongoTheAboriginesofAustralia43MongoliaseesadramaticshiftfromtheirageoldtraditionaloccupationMongoliahasmoreanimalsthanpeopleMoreandmorepeoplearenowturningtootheroccupationsanddroppingtraditionalherdrearingThisshiftisbroug

35、htinbythediscoveryofvastreservesofgold,copperandothermineralsMongoliangrowthratenowstandsataround17%MoreandmoremultinationalminingcompaniesinvestinMongolia44Geography,NatureandEconomicGrowthAscountriesprosper,naturalbarriersareovercomeEnvironmentalissuesDisruptionofecosystemsRelocationofpeopleInadeq

36、uatehazardouswastemanagementIndustrialpollution45Geography,NatureandEconomicGrowthCountriesthatexperiencerecurringnaturaldisastersdeveloptechnologiestoavertthemorreducetheeffectJapanhashighlydevelopedtechnologyforquake-proofbuildingsTheattitudeofpeopletowardsthesedisastersisalsoaffectedbythefrequenc

37、yoftheiroccurrencesMostAsianstakeenvironmentaldeteriorationwithnottoomuchofconcernassomeEuropeansorAmericanswoulddo46SocialResponsibilityandEnvironmentalManagementEnvironmentalprotectionisnotanoptionalissue,butanessentialpartofbusinessinmoderntimesPollutionisonthevergeofgettingcompletelyoutofcontrol

38、IncreaseinthedegreeofpollutionincitiesaroundtheworldCriticalissue:thedisposalofhazardouswasteSustainabledevelopmentanduseofgreenerenergysources47SocialResponsibilityandEnvironmentalManagementGovernmentsaredraftingandenforcingnewregulationsfordisposalofindustrialwasteandtoxicsubstances.Governmentsenf

39、orcestricterregulationsforindustriestodisposeandrecyclepotentiallydangerousadtoxicwastes48SocialResponsibilityandEnvironmentalManagementOilspillsthreatenmillionsofmilesofcoastline,riversystems,lakesandterrestrialhabitatdaily,particularlywherethereisextensiveoildrilling,refining,andtransport.Serious,

40、andpotentiallypermanent,ecologicaldamageispossiblewherechronicspillsoccur.BaselConventionimposesatotalbanontheexportofhazardouswastebydevelopingcountries49SocialResponsibilityandEnvironmentalManagementTheorganisationforEconomicDevelopment,theEU,theUNandinternationalactivistgroupsaretakingactivesteps

41、tostrengthenenvironmentalpoliciesMoreandmorebusinessesareembracingtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentasitseemstobethewin-winpolicy50ResourcesTheavailabilityofmineralsandtheabilitytogenerateenergyarethefoundationsofmoderntechnologyTheprincipalsupplementstohumanenergyAnimalsWoodFossilfuelNuclearpowerOcean

42、tidesGeothermalpowerThesun51ResourcesUnitedStatesinperspective1942nearlyself-sufficient1950majorimporter1973-2000increaseddependencyfrom36%to66%Mid-2000spredictedtobeimportingmorethan70%ofneedsThelocation,quality,andavailabilityofresourceswillaffectthepatternofworldeconomicdevelopmentandtradewellint

43、othe21stcentury52ResourcesChinaisnowemergingasthesecondlargestimporterofoilaftertheUSinhewakeofitsexpandingeconomyandgrowingdemandformoreoilThepressureonenergyresourcesincreaseswiththeincreaseineconomicgrowthinbothhighlyindustrialisedandnewlyindustrialisednations53ThepowerbalanceshiftThelocationofmo

44、stoftheoilinpoliticallyunstableareasliketheMiddleEast,Iraq,theSovietUnion,LatinAmericacausesaglobalinterdependenceandgreateruncertaintiesforfuturedemandandsupplyAsdemandandpricerisetheimportanceoftheseresourcesbecomemoreandmoreacutefortheinternationalmarketer54WorldEnergyConsumption55WorldEnergyCons

45、umption56DynamicsofPopulationTrendsGlobalpopulationtrendsdeterminetodaysdemandforgoodsRural/urbanpopulationshiftsRatesofgrowthDistributionbyagePopulationcontrolChangesinpopulationwillprofoundlyaffectfuturedemandThemostimportantdeterrenttopopulationcontrolisculturalattitudesabouttheimportanceoflargef

46、amilies57WorldPopulationbyRegion2005-2050LifeExpectancyatBirth2005-2010(millions)58Rural/UrbanMigrationResultofadesireforgreateraccessto:SourcesofeducationHealthcareImprovedjobopportunities59PopulationDeclineandAgingPopulationgrowthinmanycountrieshasdroppedbelowtheratenecessarytomaintainpresentlevel

47、sAnationneedsafertilityrateofabout2.1childrenperwomanNotonemajorcountryhassufficientinternalpopulationgrowthtomaintainitself60AgeDensityforWorldandSelectedCountries61WorkerShortageandImmigrationThefreeflowofimmigrationwillhelptolessenthedualproblemsofexplosivepopulationexpansioninless-developedcount

48、riesandworkershortageinindustrializedregionsEuropewillneed1.4billionimmigrantsoverthenext50yearsJapanandtheU.S.willneed600millionimmigrantsbetweennowand205062500YearsofTrade63500YearsofTrade64WorldTradeRoutesProgressionoftraderoutesOverlandSearoutesAirroutesTheInternetTraderoutesbindworldtogether,mi

49、nimizing:DistanceNaturalbarriersLackofresourcesFundamentaldifferencesbetweenandeconomiesTraderoutesrepresentattemptstoovercomeinfluenceofgeographyCausingeconomicandsocialimbalances65CommunicationLinksTelegraphTelephoneTelevisionSatellitesComputerInternet66Liberalization of the Telecom SectorThe poli

50、cy of liberalizing the global telecommunications system was greatly influenced by the 1996 Telecommunications Act,which transformed the industry within the USA,facilitating the expansion of private US telecommunications corporations to operate globally3/10/202367The World of TelecommunicationsThe ex