新GRE阅读与真题分.pdf

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1、新GRE考试阅读补充资料-1 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪新 GRE 考试阅读补充资料重庆新东方学校孙桑迪新GRE考试阅读补充资料-2 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪新 GRE 中的新题型新 GRE 阅读大量模仿了 GMAT 逻辑题的出题方式。一言以蔽之：新 GRE 阅读=老 GRE 阅读+GMAT逻辑。老 GRE 阅读从篇幅上分有长文章和短文章；而在新 GRE 阅读中不但保留原来的长文和短文，还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章，称之为微文。微文虽然微小，但极具逻辑。试看下例（新GRE 官方指南 P71）：In the United States between 1850 and 1880,t

2、he number of farmers continued to increase,but at a rate lower than that of the general population Which of the following statements directly contradicts the information presented above?A.The number of farmers in the general population increased slightly in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.B.The r

3、ate of growth of the United States labor force and the rate of growth of the general population rose simultaneously in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.C.The proportion of farmers in the United States labor force remained constant in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.D.The proportion of farmers i

4、n the United States labor force decreased from 64 percent in 1850 to 49 percent in 1880.E.The proportion of farmers in the general population increased from 68 percent in 1850 to 72 percent in 1880.仔细考量这道微文题，明显感到这不是传统的阅读理解，而是对思维的考察，这就是微文题目的特点。ETS正是要通过微文题来实现其改革的两大目标：强调复杂推理能力和强调量化推理能力。过去的 GRE 因为在这两方面的

5、欠缺，导致了大多商学院只认可GMAT 对能力的测试。而如今，GRE 为了与 GMAT 竞争，故而自我完善，弥补欠缺。而且ETS还选择了一条最取巧的道路模仿GMAT 的逻辑题。（新 GRE 官方指南 P313）：In the past ten years,there have been several improvements in mountain-climbing equipment.These improvements have made the sport both safer and more enjoyable for experienced climbers.Despite the

6、se improvements,however,the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has doubled in past ten years.新GRE考试阅读补充资料-3 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪Which of the following,if true,best reconciles the apparent discrepancy presented in the passage?A.Many climbers,lulled into a false sense of security,use the new equipment to a

7、ttempt climbing feats of which they are not capable.B.Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by unforeseeable weather conditions.C.Mountain climbing,although a dangerous sport,does not normally result in injury to the experienced climber.D.In the past ten years there have been improvements in mo

8、untain-climbing techniques as well as in mountain-climbing equipment.E.Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has increased,the rate of mountain-climbing deaths has not changed.即文中出现了一个奇怪或矛盾的现象，题目要求给予解释或调和。这在 GMAT逻辑中是司空见惯的解释题。（新 GRE 官方指南 P310）：At a certain period in Earth s history,its atmo

9、sphere contained almost no oxygen,although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen.As a way of reconciling these two facts,scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth s surface.Clearly,however,this explanation is inadequate.New stud

10、ies show thatthe amount of iron on Earth s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced.Therefore,something in addition to the iron on Earth s surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.In the argument given,the two portions in bol

11、dface play which of the following roles?A.The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position;the second is that position.B.The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation;the second is that explanation.C.The first expresses the argument s dismissal of

12、 an objection to the position it seeks to establish;the second is that position.D.The first sums up the argument s position with regard to a certain hypothesis;the second provides grounds for that position.新GRE考试阅读补充资料-4 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪E.The first is a concession by the argument that its initial for

13、mulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification;the second presents that position in a modified form.初次接触这种 BOLDFACE 题的同学，一定是一头雾水，不知从何下手。但这在 GMAT 中已经考了十年有余了，早已总结出非常有效的破解方式，只要抓住几个关键词，就能把答案迅速遴选出来。当然在原有的 GRE 阅读中也有着重考察思维的题目，比如会有加强题和削弱题，但其难度远小于GMAT 逻辑中的同类题型。但在新GRE 中，情况似乎发生了变化。请看下题（新G

14、RE 官方指南 P321）：Sparva,unlike Treland s other provinces,requires automobile insurers to pay for any medical treatments sought by some one who has been involved in an accident;in the other provinces,insurers pay for nonemergency treatment only if they preapprove the treatment.Clearly,Sparva s less rest

15、rictive policy must be the explanation for the fact that altogether insurers there pay for far more treatments after accidents than insurers in other provinces,even though Sparva does not have the largest population.Which of the following,if true,most strengthen the argument?A.Car insurance costs mo

16、re in Sparva than in any other province.B.The cost of medical care in Sparva is higher than the national average.C.Difference insurance companies have different standards for determining what constitutes emergency treatment.D.Fewer insurance companies operate in Sparva than in any other province.E.T

17、here are fewer traffic accidents annually in Sparva than in any of the provinces of comparable or great population.表面上看，这就是一道 GRE 阅读中传统的加强题，只不过原来在长文或短文章中出现，而现在微文中了。但深入体会，发现其加强的思路在靠近GMAT 的考法。过去对原文推理的加强一般都停留在对论据或结论的支持上，这当然是比较肤浅的。而这道题，其论据（Sparvas less restrictive policy）与其结论（insurers in Sparva pay for

18、far more treatments）都是原文所引述的事实，无需支持。所以对该推理的加强就在于对其因果关系的支持，这正是GMAT 加强题的精髓，同时更是对推理能力的考察。新GRE考试阅读补充资料-5 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪Passage 1 Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae(phytoplankton)in lakes.The first theories

19、of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested,but did not prove,that the grazers had removed most of the algae.The converse observation,of the a

20、bsence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration,led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion,which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.This was the first suggestion of algal defenses agai

21、nst grazing.Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton),a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(nannoplankton)that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on,led to a de-emphasis of the role of

22、 grazers in subsequent research.Increasingly,as in the individual studies of Lund,Round,and Reynolds,researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature,light,and water movements in controlling algal numbers.These environmental factors were amen-able to field moni

23、toring and to simulation in the laboratory.Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers,especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods,but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.The potential magnitud

24、e of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zoo-plankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field

25、conditions using the known population density of grazers.The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted,however,until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field,by means of new experimental techniques.Using a specially prepa

26、red feeding chamber,Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance,that is,in the late spring and in the summer,Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates,for nutrient poor lakes and bog lakes,respectively,of 6.6

27、percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods,usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.These rates varied seasonally,reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.Haney s thorough research provides convi

28、ncing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population.5 10 15 20 25 30 35 新GRE考试阅读补充资料-6 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪1.The author most likely mentions Hardy s principle of animal exclusion in order to(A)give an example of one theory about the interaction of grazers and phyt

29、oplankton(B)defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing(C)support the contention that phytoplankton numbers are controlled primarily by environmental factors(D)demonstrate the superiority of laboratory studies of zooplankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates(E)refut

30、e researchers who believed that low numbers of phytoplankton indicated the grazing effect of low number of zooplankton 2.It can be inferred from the passage that the“first theories”of grazer control mentioned in line 3 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(A)observe high ph

31、ytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions(B)discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research(C)understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton(D)make verifiable correlations of cause and

32、 effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers(E)invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control 3.Which of the following,if true,would call into question Hardy s principle of animal exclusion?(A)Zooplankton are not the only o

33、rganisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.(B)Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.(C)Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.(D)Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplan

34、kton.(E)Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.4.The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?I.Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.II.Grazi

35、ng pressure can be lower in nutrient poor lakes than in bog lakes.III.Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.(A)I only(B)III only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I,II,and III 新GRE考试阅读补充资料-7 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪5.The passage supplies information to indicate that Hargrave an

36、d Geen s conclusion regarding the grazing pressure exerted by zooplankton on phytoplankton numbers was most similar tothe conclusion regarding grazing pressure reached by which of the following researchers?(A)Hardy(B)Lund(C)Round(D)Reynolds(E)Haney 6.It can beinferred fromthe passage that one way in

37、 which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to(A)emphasize the effects of temperature,rather than of light,on phytoplankton(B)disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers(C)collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analy

38、zing the extent of phytoplankton concentration(D)recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net(E)understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton 7.According to the passage,Hargrave and Geen didwhich of the following in their

39、 experiments?(A)They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.(B)The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the labora

40、tory.(C)They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.(D)They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.

41、(E)They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.8.Which of the following is a true statement about the zooplankton numbers and zooplankton grazing rates observed in Haney s experiments?(A)Whi

42、le zooplankton numbers began to decline in August,zooplankton grazing rates began to increase.(B)Although zooplankton numbers were high in May,grazing rates did not become high until January.(C)Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were higher in December than in November.(D)Both zooplankton nu

43、mbers and grazing rates were lower in March than in June.(E)Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were highest in February.新GRE考试阅读补充资料-8 重庆新东方学校北美考试部孙桑迪Passage 2 The historian Frederick J.Turner wrote in the 1890 s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United St

44、ates since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontierthat is,the depletion of available new land needed for furthe r expansion of the American farming system.Not only was Turner s thesis influential at the time,it was later adopted and elaborated by other scholars,such

45、as John D.Hicks in The Populist Revolt(1931).Actually,however,new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century.In the 1890 s,when agrarian discontent had become most acute,1,100,000 new farms were settled,which was 500,000 more than had been settl

46、ed during the previous decade.After 1890,under the terms of the Homestead Act and its successors,more new land was taken up for farming than had been taken up for this purpose in the United States up until that time.It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for gra

47、zing and dry farming,but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helpe

48、d to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century.In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed.An extensive network of t

49、elegraph and telephone communications was spun:Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874.By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a m

50、echanized basis.Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina,Australia,Canada,and in the American West,and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system.As a consequence,agrarian depressions no longer were local or na