形合与意合.ppt

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1、形合与意合形合与意合n n所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合给形合定义为:定义为:“The dependent or subordinate construction“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses

2、 with connectives,for or relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,I shall despair example,I shall despair if if you dont come.”you dont come.”n n所谓意合,指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式所谓意合,指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary The World Book

3、Dictionary 给意给意合定义为:合定义为:“The arranging of clauses one after the“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation other without connectives showing the relation between them.Example:The rain fell;the river between them.Example:The rain fell;the river flooded;the

4、house washed away”flooded;the house washed away”n n英语句子结构特点:主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,都有语法。这说明英语是形合的语言,结构严谨。n n汉语句子结构特点:话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,意尽为界。这说明汉语是意合的语言,结构松散,形散而神聚,用词简洁。n n英译汉技巧:形合变意合,显性变隐性,去掉关联词语。n n汉译英技巧:意合变形合,隐性变显性,增加关联词语。n n英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法n n英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,注重显性接应注重显性接应(

5、overt cohesion)(overt cohesion),注重句子形式,注重,注重句子形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式式(cohesive ties)(cohesive ties)不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁:频繁:n n1 1关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。关系词和连接词。n n关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词,如词,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,wher

6、e,who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how why,how 等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词,如词,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or,(n)or,及及when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,whe

7、n,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest lest 等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用这些词。至不用这些词。n n1)All was cleared up some time later 1)All was cleared up some time later when when news came news came from a distant place from a distant place th

8、atthat an earthquake was felt the very an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.day the little copper ball fell.n n过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。确

9、实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。n n2)2)When When I try to understand I try to understand whatwhat it is that prevents so it is that prevents so many Americans from being many Americans from being asas happy happy as as one might expect,one might expect,it seems that there are two causes,of it seems that there are

10、 two causes,of which which one goes much one goes much deeper than the other.deeper than the other.n n为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。n n3)It had been a fine,go

11、lden autumn,a lovely farewell to 3)It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those those who who would lose their youth,would lose their youth,and and some of them their some of them their lives,lives,before before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.the leaves turned again in a

12、peacetime fall.n n那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。n n4)It is flattering to believe 4)It is flattering to believe thatthat they are too profound to be they are too profound to be expresse

13、d expressed so so clearly clearly thatthat all all whowho run may read,and very run may read,and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise with their own

14、minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.reflection.(W.S.Maugham:W.S.Maugham:Lucidity,Simplicity,Lucidity,Simplicity,EuphonyEuphony)n n认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到

15、,能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。n n5)It was5)It was what what sentimentalists,sentimentalists,whowho deal in very big words,deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,call a yearning afte

16、r the ideal,and and simply meanssimply means that that women are not satisfied women are not satisfied untiluntil they have husbands they have husbands and and children on children on whomwhom they may centre affections,they may centre affections,which which are are spent elsewhere,as it were,in sma

17、ll change.(W.spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(W.Thackeray:Thackeray:Vanity FairVanity Fair)n n一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之,它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必望。换言之,它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能满须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能满足。足。n n2 2介词介词介词介词n n介词包括简单介词(如介词包括简单介词(如with

18、,to,in,of,about,between,with,to,in,of,about,between,throughthrough)、合成介词(如、合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughoutthroughout)和成语介词(如和成语介词(如according to,along with,apart according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard tofrom,

19、because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard to)。)。据据G.Curme G.Curme 统计,英语各类介词共约统计,英语各类介词共约286286个。介词是英语个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。R.Bander R.Bander 指出:指出:“A preposition may be defined as a“A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a n

20、oun or substitute connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence.Prepositions for a noun to some other word in the sentence.Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing.Over ninety appear constantly in English speech and wri

21、ting.Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for and on.”with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for and on.”英语造句几乎离不开英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。n nThe many colors The many colors

22、ofof a rainbow range a rainbow range fromfrom red red on on the the outsideoutside to to violet violet onon the inside.the inside.n n彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。n n2)He had a disconcerting habit 2)He had a disconcerting habit of of expressing expressing contradict

23、ory ideas contradictory ideas in in rapid succession.rapid succession.n n他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。变化无常。变化无常。变化无常。n n3)This was an intelligently organized and fervent 3)This was an intelligently organized and fervent meet

24、ing meeting in in a packed Town Hall,a packed Town Hall,withwith Mr.Strong in the Mr.Strong in the chair.chair.n n 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。n n4)Power can be transmi

25、tted 4)Power can be transmitted overover a great distance a great distance withwith practically negligible loss if it is carried practically negligible loss if it is carried byby an electric an electric current.current.n n 电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以电流可以把动力传

26、送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以忽略不计忽略不计忽略不计忽略不计 n n5)The present onslaught 5)The present onslaught ofof vehicles poses a serious threat vehicles poses a serious threat to to urban life and pedestrian peace urban life and pedestrian peace of of mind.mind.n n 当前,车辆横冲直闯,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行当前,车辆横冲直闯,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行当前,车辆横冲直闯,

27、严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行当前,车辆横冲直闯,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。人无不提心吊胆。人无不提心吊胆。人无不提心吊胆。n n6)Change 6)Change of of information,if any,information,if any,concerning concerning the contentsthe contents of of this section will be found this section will be found inin the appendix the appendix atat the end the end ofof t

28、his this book.book.n n 本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。n n7)She said,7)She said,withwith perfect truth,that“it must be delightful perfect truth,that“it must be delightful to have a brother,”and easily got the pity to have a brother,”and easily got the pity ofof te

29、nderhearted tenderhearted Amelia,Amelia,forfor being alone in the world,an orphan being alone in the world,an orphan withoutwithout friends or kindred.(“friends or kindred.(“Vanity FairVanity Fair”)”)n n 她说道,她说道,她说道,她说道,“有个哥哥该多好啊,有个哥哥该多好啊,有个哥哥该多好啊,有个哥哥该多好啊,”这话说得入情入理。她这话说得入情入理。她这话说得入情入理。她这话说得入情入理。她没爹

30、没娘,又没有亲友,真是孤苦伶仃,软心肠的阿米莉没爹没娘,又没有亲友,真是孤苦伶仃,软心肠的阿米莉没爹没娘,又没有亲友,真是孤苦伶仃,软心肠的阿米莉没爹没娘,又没有亲友,真是孤苦伶仃,软心肠的阿米莉亚听了,立刻觉得她可怜亚听了,立刻觉得她可怜亚听了,立刻觉得她可怜亚听了,立刻觉得她可怜。n n3 3其他连接手段,如形态变化形式,包括词缀变其他连接手段,如形态变化形式,包括词缀变化,动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化,动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、数、格、体、语态、语气、比较级、化(如性、数、格、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)及其保持前后一致的关系(人称等)及其保持前后一

31、致的关系(grammatical grammatical and emotional concordand emotional concord),广泛使用代词以保持前),广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系,以及用呼后应的关系,以及用“it”“it”和和“there”“there”作替补词作替补词(expletivesexpletives)起连接作用等等。英语常常综合运)起连接作用等等。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段,把各种成分连接起来,构筑成长短句子,表段,把各种成分连接起来,构筑成长短句子,表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。如:

32、达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。如:n n1)He boasts 1)He boasts that that a slave is free the moment a slave is free the moment hishis feet touch British soil feet touch British soil andand he sells the children he sells the children ofof the poor the poor atat six years six years ofof age age to to work work under unde

33、r the lash the lash inin the factories the factories forfor sixteen hours a day.sixteen hours a day.他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受

34、尽鞭打责骂。尽鞭打责骂。尽鞭打责骂。尽鞭打责骂。n n2)They 2)They would have hadwould have had to live the rest of their lives under to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they the stigma that they hadhad recklessly recklessly precipitatedprecipitated an action an action which which wreckedwrecked the Summit

35、Conference and conceivably the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launchedcould have launched a nuclear war.a nuclear war.n n 他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁浅,而且,可以他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁浅,而且,可以他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁

36、浅,而且,可以他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁浅,而且,可以设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。n n3)Could any spectacle,for instance,be3)Could any spectacle,for instance,be more more grimly grimly whimsical than that of gunners whimsical than that of gunners usingusing science to shatter science to sha

37、tter mens bodies mens bodies while,while,close at hand,surgeons use it to close at hand,surgeons use it to restore them?restore them?n n 炮手用科学毁坏了人体,而就在附近,外科医生用科学炮手用科学毁坏了人体,而就在附近,外科医生用科学炮手用科学毁坏了人体,而就在附近,外科医生用科学炮手用科学毁坏了人体,而就在附近,外科医生用科学使其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?使其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?使其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?使

38、其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?n n4)There is nothing 4)There is nothing moremore disappointing to a disappointing to a hostess hostess whowho has gonehas gone to a lot of trouble to a lot of trouble oror expense expense thanthan to have her guest to have her guest so interested in so interested in talkingtalk

39、ing politics politics oror business business with with her husband her husband thatthat he fails to notice the flavorhe fails to notice the flavor of of the coffee,the the coffee,the lightness lightness of of the cake,or the attractiveness the cake,or the attractiveness of of the the house,house,whi

40、ch which may be her chief interest and pride.may be her chief interest and pride.(“(“Western MannersWestern Manners”)”)n n 最令女主人失望的是,她花了很多心神或费用最令女主人失望的是,她花了很多心神或费用招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些却可松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引

41、以自豪的主要所在。能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。n n5)Even in its blasted condition,with boards and sackings in most of the windows,with its thick dust and its bare room,with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs,the hotel had been a new world,a breadth and dignity,full of adventure possibilities.(“Betrayed Spring”)n

42、 n 这家旅馆,尽管被炸坏了,窗户上钉上了木板,并堆上了沙包,到处是厚厚的尘土,房间空空荡荡,墙上的石灰也裂了,屋顶也坏了,可总是一个宽阔庄严的天地,值得去探索。n n二、汉语的意合法二、汉语的意合法n n 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)(covert coherence),注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多:没有英语注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多:没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词;所常用

43、的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词;介词数量少,大约只有介词数量少,大约只有3030个,而且大多是从动词个,而且大多是从动词“借借”来的。来的。王力指出,汉语王力指出,汉语“所谓欧化的介词当中,其实有大部分不是所谓欧化的介词当中,其实有大部分不是真的介词,只是靠着西文的反映,就显得它们有介词性罢真的介词,只是靠着西文的反映,就显得它们有介词性罢了。了。”汉语一些介词,如汉语一些介词,如“在在”、“向向”、“进进”、“到到”、“沿沿”、“过过”、“从从”、“为为”、“给给”、“用用”、“拿拿”、“依依”等,原均为动等,原均为动词。介词和连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,词。介词和

44、连词常常可以省略,甚至不用,尤其是口语,用了反而显得多余。高名凯指出用了反而显得多余。高名凯指出“汉人平常说话不喜欢用太汉人平常说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词,只是把事情或意思排列起来,让多没有基本意义的虚词,只是把事情或意思排列起来,让人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所生的关系如何。人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所生的关系如何。不过这并不是说汉人说话不合逻辑,因为不加虚词,不过这并不是说汉人说话不合逻辑,因为不加虚词,我们也知道这句话的意思。我们也知道这句话的意思。”汉语没有词的形态变化,没有汉语没有词的形态变化,没有“it”“it”和和“there”“there”这类替补词,代词也用

45、得较少,总之,这类替补词,代词也用得较少,总之,“尽量尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置省去一切不必要的形式装置”,重意合而不重形合,词语之,重意合而不重形合,词语之间的关系常在不言之中,语法意义和逻辑连词常隐含在字间的关系常在不言之中,语法意义和逻辑连词常隐含在字里行间,汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段:里行间,汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段:n n1 1语序。语序。语序。语序。n n汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复句,但分句含义却有主有

46、次。从句若前置,一般有句,但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置,一般有句,但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置,一般有句,但分句含义却有主有次。从句若前置,一般有“因为因为因为因为”、“如果如果如果如果”、“虽然虽然虽然虽然”、“即使即使即使即使”等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之等含义。据统计,汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先二的因果句不到必要时,不用关联词。先“因因因因”后后后后“果果果果”,几,几,几,几乎不用乎不用乎不用乎不用“因为因为因为因为”,属常态;先

47、,属常态;先,属常态;先,属常态;先“果果果果”后后后后“因因因因”,大多用,大多用,大多用,大多用“因为因为因为因为”,属变态。如:属变态。如:属变态。如:属变态。如:n n1)1)(因为)她不老实,我不能信任她。(因为)她不老实,我不能信任她。(因为)她不老实,我不能信任她。(因为)她不老实,我不能信任她。n n BecauseBecause she is not honest,I cant trust her.she is not honest,I cant trust her.n n 我不能信任她,因为她不老实。我不能信任她,因为她不老实。我不能信任她,因为她不老实。我不能信任她,因为

48、她不老实。n n I cant trust her,I cant trust her,becausebecause she is not honest.she is not honest.n n2)2)人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。n n We will not attack We will not attack unlessunless we are attacked.we are attacked.n n3)3)说是说了,没有结果。说是说了,没有结果。说是说了,没有结果。说是说了,没有结果。n

49、 n(=我虽然说了,但是没有结果)我虽然说了,但是没有结果)我虽然说了,但是没有结果)我虽然说了,但是没有结果)n n Ive made proposals,Ive made proposals,butbut they proved futile.they proved futile.n n4)4)打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。n n If you get beyond your depth,you will suffer.If you get beyond your depth,you will suffer.n n5

50、)5)人到事中迷,就怕没人提。人到事中迷,就怕没人提。人到事中迷,就怕没人提。人到事中迷,就怕没人提。n nWhen When a man is lost in a labyrinth,a man is lost in a labyrinth,what what he needs badly is a he needs badly is a hint.hint.n n6)6)抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。n n Once Once the principal con

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