英语课程学习.pptx

《英语课程学习.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语课程学习.pptx（61页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesPart 1 Part 3Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesPart 2 Part 4第1页/共61页Part 1 PrewritingCommonly Used Sentence TemplatesI.议论文写作开头常用句式II.议论文写作结尾常用句式III.列举事例常用句式IV.引用或评论数据时常用句式V.比较对照常用句式VI.因果推理常用句式VII.运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式Chapter Six

2、Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Stylesback第2页/共61页With the growing popularity of(computers/private cars/classical music/tennis)in ChinaWith the rapid growth of(market economy/population/private enterprises/electronic industries),(supermarkets/bicycles/computers)have become mo

3、re and more popular.The reasons for the popularity areWith the development of(science and technology/high education/women liberation movement),a great number of people come to realize thatCurrently,there is a widespread concern over(illegal publication/drug abuse/drunk driving/high school dropouts)C

4、hapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesI.议论文写作开头常用句式第3页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles5.currently,there is a serious concern that(many state-owned companies are in deficit/quite a few Chinese cities face the problems o

5、f water shortage and industrial pollution.)6.The government is/We are greatly concerned with(over-population/high unemployment rate).7.In the last two decades/In the past ten years,millions of fast food(restaurants/supermarkets/beauty salons)have mushroomed all over China。8.In recent years,many Chin

6、ese families have owned(cars/computers/telephones).9.Nowadays,a heated debate/discussion aboutis under way in China.Some people believe that,whereas others argue that第4页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles10.There are some reasons for owning(private cars,pe

7、rsonal computers).To begin with,Next,Last,There are,on the other hand,many reasons against it.First,Second,Finally,11.There are many advantages and disadvantages in(owning a private car)We can overcome its disadvantages and fully use/develop its advantages12.Now an increasing number of people have c

8、ome to realize that13.There is no doubt that14.There are some basic differences between(the large and small enterprises).(In a small enterprise you)15.Someone has put forward a suggestion that,which seems a fascinating idea.第5页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing

9、Styles16.There are various/at least three(ways/methods/possible techniques/problems,etc.)to do sth.17.(Smoking/Alcoholic beverages)should be banned from college campuses for two reasons.The first reason is thatThe second reason is that(On the one hand,On the other hand,)18.The possible solution of(t

10、he energy crisis/water pollution,etc.)depends on three major factors.19.Two major reasons responsible for the rapid economic growth/the fantastic spurt of technology are20.Different people have different attitudes towardsSome are in favor ofwhile others are againstback第6页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic

11、Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesIt is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention toIn conclusion,we can see that(the best way/the possible solution)isIn short,(shortage of water,decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution)are the major problems to be

12、 solved to(increase grain production).In order to make our world a better place in which to live,we should make great efforts toIn a word,there are three suggestions we must follow.Only in this way can we do the experiment successfully.II.议论文写作结尾常用句式第7页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapt

13、er Six Four Basic Writing Styles6.It is time for us to take an active part in7.Let us work hand in hand to(solve these social problems).8.It goes without saying that9.I want to be a teacher/to do something not only because,but also because(partly because,and partly because)10.Who is to say that(you

14、will not be the victim of fake product again and again/our scientists may not work out a better theory)?back第8页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesThere are many(quite a few)examples to showThere is enough(sufficient,much,convincing)evidence showing(support

15、ing,indicating,to show,to support,to indicate,in favor of the opinion)thatIt wont be difficult(is easy)to show(to prove,to demonstrate)thatTo take as an example,.can be shown(indicated,suggested,supported)by the following examples(instances,evidence)the above story illustratesAn analysis of the abov

16、e-mentioned cases may be useful in explainingIII.列举事例常用句式back第9页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesThe table(chart,graph,bar,figure)shows(presents,summarizes)date(results,statistics)aboutThe data(statistics)presented in the table(obtained from recent studi

17、es)are(seem)rather convincing(very important,quite interesting,fairly clear,fascinating).All these statistics(data)clearly show(strongly prove,point to the face,seem to suggest)thatThe results(findings,data)can be(could be)interpreted as follows(viewed in terms of,approached from a different angle).

18、IV.引用或评论数据时常用句式第10页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles5.The above findings(statistics,data)can be(could be)interpreted as follows(viewed in terms of,approached from a different angle).6.From the above data(on the basis of these findings),we can conclude(sa

19、y,see)that7.A brief review of the data(statistics,results)helps us to(enables us to,leads us to)8.If the results of are compared with those of,it will be observed thatback第11页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesThere are some(a few,many)striking similaritie

20、s(obvious differences)betweenLet us make a comparison(contrast)betweenWe can easily comparewith,and see the similarities and differences between them.differs from(is different from)has something(nothing,little,much,many features)in common withhave certain(some,many)advantages over(compared with)One

21、of(Another,A third)advantage oflies in(is,seems to be)thatV.比较对照常用句式back第12页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles1.The reasons forare as follows.2.The reason(cause)why can be traced to3.There are several reasons for(why)4.therefore,we can state(say,conclude,

22、draw the conclusion)with certainty that5.The conclusion(result,consequence)is that6.Thus(Therefore),we can reach(draw,make,arrive at)the following conclusionVI.因果推理常用句式back第13页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesThere are some(a few,many)advantages(disadvan

23、tages)inSome of the advantages(disadvantages)of are as follows.It is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages in(concerning)We can comment(view,look at,consider,analyze)the above-mentioned problem from another angle(approach).Having considered(analyzed,reviewed)the issue(matter,problem

24、,method,suggestion)from both sides,we can now draw the conclusion thatWeighing the arguments on both sides,we are inclined to conclude thatWith the strengths and weaknesses of the opposing arguments(being)apparent,we can therefore reach(arrive at)a balanced conclusion like thisVII.运用辩证方法进行论证的常用句式bac

25、k第14页/共61页 Basic Writing Styles I.Narration II.Description III.Exposition IV.ArgumentationChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesPart 2 Basic Writing Skillsback第15页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 记叙文又称记事文或叙述文。即将自己所看到的

26、或所听到的，甚至想象的事生动形象地讲出来。记叙的主要任务是记人和叙事，因此写人时，人应为主要叙述对象，可通过某件事来写，也可通过人物行为，活动的几个片段或侧面描写。而记事时，应以事作为主要记叙对象，着眼于事件的过程，而不是人物的行为或活动。I.Narration（记叙文）第16页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles记叙文写作中的几点注意事项：明确中心思想和写作目的：记叙文的选材多选典型事例，力求生动简洁，尽可能围绕一个确定的、鲜明的主题或中心思想选材和展开，与中心无关的情节

27、应删除，以达到所有情节的描写都是为主题思想服务的。选择写作角度：一般采用第一或第三人称，第一人称叙述生动、逼真可信，犹如作者在叙述自己的亲身经历和感受，增强故事的真实性和感染力；而第三人称使叙述更具客观性，叙述范围广。在时态上可选用现在时和过去时，注意前后一致，不宜中间改变。恰当安排写作顺序：常见记叙文有顺叙、倒叙和插叙。顺序是按时间顺序叙述事件，而倒叙则是先交代事件的结局，从故事或事件中间写起为插叙。结构要体现六个要素：记叙的主要任务是记人和叙事，因此人物活动和事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事情、原因、结果就构成了完整叙述一个事件或经历的六个要素，文中必须要将六要素交待清楚，以让读者清楚地了解

28、一件事情的起因、经过和结局。back第17页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 描写文就是用生动的语言文字描绘各种事物、环境、景物或人物的状态、表现等的一种文体，由于可以注入作者的感情，呈现在读者面前的描写文是用文字描绘的一幅精彩、生动的图画，与记叙文不同的是，描写文主要通过形象、逼真的语言去摹写人物的音容笑貌，心理活动和姿态动作，以激发读者对人物或事物的情感。II.Description（描写文）第18页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writi

29、ng StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles描写文写作注意事项：描写文写作注意事项：描写的角度和顺序：描写的角度指描写所用的人称和描写时的身份；顺序是指时间、空间、逻辑等的安排。一般要求按时间、空间顺序描写。如要向读者介绍你的学校，则以学生身份开始描写，首先介绍你学校的位置，然后从校园外观到教学楼，再从教学楼到教室。描写要突出重点：对于细节或情节的描写应有所选择。所选的描写对象应为主题服务，不应对所有事物逐一描写，不加选择，应突出重点。即主要部分要重点描写，以加深读者印象，次要部分可轻描淡写或略去，不要面面俱到。第19页/共61页Chapter

30、Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles1）对人物的描写：描写人物时，应抓住其主要特征，通过对性格、面貌、服饰、语言、行为举止、心理活动及生活细节的描写，塑造栩栩如生的形象，从而使人能透视其内心世界。人物描写通常可从外表到心理进行描写。2）对景物的描写：描写景物时，应通过对事物的外表特征形状、颜色等的描写，把自己对事物的印象、态度、情感传达给读者。有时还应注意清楚地说明所写之物的方位。3）对空间位置的描写：在对事物所处的空间位置进行描写时，首先要找好立足点，然后从这个着眼点，对事物所处的空间位置进行描写

31、。描写的顺序可由远及近，由左及右，由高及低或反之。back第20页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 说明文就是说明事物的情况或道理的文章，即对事情的发生、发展结果或事物的性质、特征、性能、结构、用途等进行解释说明的一种文体。它除了用于说明客观事物的特点和特征外，还可介绍某种操作的程序，或解释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象等，所以说明文就事论事，不宣泄个人感情及主观好恶，客观地阐述和解释。说明文的形式包括：短文、论文、广告、说明书、教材、实验报告、词典等。II

32、I.Exposition（说明文）第21页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles（1）一篇文章集中讲一个主题；（2）例证要充分而具体，使读者能易于理解那些抽象的内容；（3）叙述次序要清楚，应按逻辑意义或时间顺序来安排；（4）用词直接明了，尽量避免使用华丽浮夸的词藻或含义模糊的词句（5）描述生动有趣，说明文也可以写得既富于说明又生动活泼。说明文应该写得条理分明，层次清楚，语言简洁而有逻辑性。在写作时，应该注意：第22页/共61页说明文常用的几种写作方法Chapter Six F

33、our Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles定义法（Definition）列举法（Enumeration）举例法（Illustration）比较法/对比法（Comparison/Contrast）分类法（Classification）解释法（Explanation）比喻法（Metaphor/simile）back第23页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles定义法（Definition）：指像词典那

34、样直接给字或词下定义，也包括进一步通过举例、对比、比喻、逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物，使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。如：Physics is a science.It deals with those phenomena of matter involving no change of chemical composition.Under this definition,physics includes the science of matter and motion,mechanics,heat,light,sound,electricity and the branches of sci

35、ence devoted to radiation and atomic structure.back第24页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles2.列举法（Enumeration）：用列举法发展段落，作者首先点明论点，然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述和解释。列举的内容可能是一连串的事物、事件、理由及同一个问题的不同方面等。列举的顺序可以根据各点内容的相对重要性、时间的先后或地理位置的远近灯关系来进行。如：Basketball is popular in many coun

36、tries.One reason for this is that it is inexpensive.A ball and a hoop are all you need.Moreover,it is exciting.There is always lots of action.Additionally,it is a healthful sport that both men and women can play.Furthermore,it is both an indoor and an outdoor game.In warm countries the game is playe

37、d outdoors all year.In cold countries,it is a winter game.In such countries basketball is usually played indoor.back第25页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles3.举例法（Illustration）：即在文章中举例。例子举得是否恰当，安排次序及引证关系是否合适，有时会直接影响文章的质量和效果。一篇说明性文章如果缺乏必要的例子，就不能使读者信服。如：Americ

38、ans value manual labor.They have great respect for craftsmanship.Many Americans prefer craft hobbies.For example,some build small boats in their leisure time.Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture.Others enjoy gardening or painting.Many low income American families have beautiful fu

39、rniture or paintings or potteries or boats.They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill.In fact some people are really very handy.back第26页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles4.比较法/对比法（Comparison/Contrast）：比较或对比在英语写作中应用非常广泛。一般说来，比较是指对人或事物之

40、间的相同点进行分析而言；对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较而言。不过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截然分开。对照中含有比较成分；而比较中具有对照的因素。如果内容简单，可将比较或对照的事物分开描述，先写甲方后写乙方。如果内容较多，则逐点进行为好。第27页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 如：It is easy to be a winner.A winner can show his joy publicly.He can laugh and sing and dance

41、 and celebrate his victory.People love to be with winners.Winners are never lonely.Unlike winners,losers are the lonely ones of the world.It is difficult to face defeat with dignity.Losers cannot show their disappointment publicly.They cannot cry or grieve about their defeat.They may suffer privatel

42、y,but they must be composed in public.They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.（对比）第28页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles Impeaching a president is like major surgery.It is an act that should not be done hastily nor emotionally,and

43、 only when it is necessary to restore the well-being of the patient,in this case the government of the nation.The purpose of surgery is not to punish the diseased organ,neither is the purpose of impeachment to punish a president.In both situations the only purpose is to remove a source of serious tr

44、ouble and re-establish a healthy condition.（类比）back第29页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles5.分类法（Classification）：把事物分作若干类型并说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。如：There are different kinds of secrets.The most important one is the national secret,for exampleCommercial secrets are

45、also very important for business people in the fierce competition At last,we have our personal secretsback第30页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles6.解释法（Explanation）：解释说明把事物说得通俗易懂。如：Literature is the expression of life in words of truth and beauty;it is the

46、written record of mans spirit,of his thoughts,emotions,aspirations;it is the history,and the only history of the human soul.It is characterized by its artistic,its suggestive,its permanent qualities.back第31页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles7.比喻法（Metaphor

47、/simile）：比喻说明可以把事物说得生动。如：Fighting a teenager,like fighting a tide,is bound to fail.When caught in a crosscurrent experienced swimmers float and let the tide carry them instead of struggling,until they find a firm footing.Likewise,parents of teenagers must flow with life,adapting to them.back第32页/共61

48、页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 议论文是通过摆事实、讲道理来阐明自己的观点、看法和主张的文体。该文体要依靠推理和论证来解释某个事实或思想，说服读者接受某种观点和劝说。议论文由论点作者的某一观点；论据事实、数据或道理；论证摆事实，讲道理的过程三大要素组成。IV.Argumentation（议论文）第33页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles立论驳论论证方式第

49、34页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 立论：作者可首先提出自己的观点，也可在段尾或结尾段得出，但必须对所论述的问题，从正面摆出事实，阐明自己观点的正确性；立论要求有充足的事实和理论依据，有理有据，才能使人信服。back第35页/共61页Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles 驳论：作者通过反驳对立的、错误的见解和主张，从而证明自己的见解、主张的正确性。驳论需要

50、有正确的理论和确凿的事实作依据，准确地找出对立的错误所在。第36页/共61页题目明确。论点或文章中心思想应以肯定句式在引言部分明确提出。论证充分。论证可从以下几方面搜集资料：（1）实际现象；（2）个人经历；（3）统计数据；（4）来自权威方面的信息逻辑性强。层次分明。可按引言部分点明论点，正文部分论证主题，结尾部分重申论点的原则安排。态度谦虚。指文章要以理服人，不强词夺理。Chapter Six Four Basic Writing StylesChapter Six Four Basic Writing Styles议论文写作中应注意以下几点第37页/共61页Chapter Six Four