翻译基础-英语长句的处理.ppt

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1、English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译英语长句的翻译nWarm-up practice:I love my love with an E nHow to analyze long sentences?n Two Stages and Five Steps nMethods of Translating Long English Sentences Teaching Outline文字游戏的翻译nI love my love with an E,because shes enticing;I hate her with an E,because shes engaged.I

2、 took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement,her names Emily,and she lives in the east.-(David Copperfield,XXII)董秋斯译文n我爱我的爱人为了一个E,n因为她是Enticing（迷人的）；n我恨我的爱人为了一个E，n因为她是Engaged（订了婚的）。n我用我的爱人象征Exquisite（美妙），n我劝我的爱人从事Elopement（私奔）,n她的名字是Emily(艾米丽)，她的住处在East（东方）？张谷若译文n我爱我的所爱，因

3、为她长的实在招人爱。我恨我的所爱，因为她不回报我的爱。我带着她到挂着浮荡子招牌的一家，和她谈情说爱。我请她看一出潜逃私奔，为的是我和她能长久你亲我爱。她的名儿叫做艾米丽，她的家住在爱河里。其他译本n我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人；她在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。n吾爱吾爱，因伊可爱；吾恨吾爱，因伊另有所爱。吾视吾爱，神圣之爱，吾携吾爱，私逃为爱；吾爱名爱米丽，吾东方之爱。n我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽；和我出逃去游历；她芳名就叫艾米丽，家住东方人俏丽。(马红军)一、英语长句的

4、分析 n在英语文章中，特别是科技和文学作品中，经常出现结构复杂的长句子，在一个主句中包含多个从句。n一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面:(1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多;(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。(3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句

5、子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。nHowithappenedthatalittlerockypeninsulainaremotecorneroftheMediterraneanwasabletoprovideourworldinlessthantwocenturieswiththecompleteframeworkforallourpresentdayexperimentsinpolitics,literature,drama,sculpture,chemistry,physicsandHeavenknowswhatelse,isaquestionwhichhaspuzzledagreatman

6、ypeopleforagreatmanycenturiesandtowhicheveryphilosopher,atonetimeoranotherduringhiscareer,hastriedtogiveananswer.（选自美国作家HendrikWillemvanLoon的名著Tolerance第二章第一段）n每个部分的意思分别翻译出来：它是如何发生的地中海遥远角落的一个小岩石半岛能够为我们的世界提供在不到两个世纪之内我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学的完整框架上帝知道还有些什么是一个问题(这个问题)许多世纪以来困惑了许多人(对这个问题)每个哲学家在他学术生涯的某个时候尝试找

7、出答案。n最后，将各个部分的意思合并重组：地中海遥远角落的一个小岩石半岛，如何能够在不到两个世纪之内，为我们的世界提供我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学(上帝知道还有些什么)的完整框架，这个问题许多世纪以来困惑了许多人，对这个问题，每个哲学家在他学术生涯的某个时候，都会尝试找出答案。n对于每一个英语长句,并不只用一种翻译方法,而是多种翻译方法的综合运用。翻译长句时,首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方

8、式,正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。nFor a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.n分析分析:(1)骨干结构为比较结构itismoretodosththantodosthelse.而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构,

9、it是形式主语,真正的主语为:tositcomfortablyathome,并与togooutinsearchofamusementelsewhere作比较。(3)句首的forafamilyoffour作状语,表示条件。另外,还有两个介词短语作插入语:forexample,withalmostunlimitedentertainmentavailable,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语,修饰tositcomfortablyathome.n试译：譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。Nowyoutry:Two Sta

10、ges and Five Steps nStageIComprehensionnStageIIPresentationStage I ComprehensionnStep1:presentingthelongsentenceinaskeletonformStep2:inferringthemainideafromthecontextandthewholetextStep3:distinguishingbetweentheprincipalandsubordinateelementsandfindouttheinterrelationsbetweenprincipalandsubordinate

11、clausesStage II PresentationnStep4:enteringonatentativetranslationofeachsentencedivisionStep5:rearrangementandfinishingtouchesMethods of Translating Long English Sentences n1.顺序法n2.Reversing逆序法/倒置法n3.Embedding内嵌法n4.Dividing切分法n5.Splitting拆分法n6.Inserting插入法n7.Recasting重组法/综合法 1.顺序法 n当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基

12、本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。n例1.Evenwhenweturnoffthebesidelampandarefastasleep,electricityisworkingforus,drivingourrefrigerators,heatingourwater,orkeepingourroomsair-conditioned.n分析:该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思:A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的

13、顺序与汉语完全一致,因此,该句可译为:nn即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作:帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。nNowyoutry:n例2.Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.n在20世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点

14、,因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。2.Reversing 逆序法 n英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。n例1.Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.n分析:这个句子由一个

15、主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思:A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现;B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝;C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起;D.最普遍的是跟氧结合;E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前,果在后,这样,我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:n铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。nItisprobablyeasierforteachersthanforstudentst

16、oappreciatethereasonswhylearningEnglishseemstobecomeincreasinglydifficultoncethebasicstructuresandpatternsofthelanguagehavebeenunderstood.n一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越来越难了,这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。Nowyoutry:nSuchishumannatureintheWestthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbeco

17、mingwhite-collarworkers.n许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。Now you try:nInreality,thelinesofdivisionbetweensciencesarebecomingblurred,andscienceisagainapproachingthe“unity”thatithadtwocenturiesago-althoughtheaccumulatedknowledgeisenormouslygreaternow,andnoonepersoncanhopetocomprehendmorethanafr

18、actionofit.n虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而且任何个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事实上，各学科之间界限却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。3.Embedding 内嵌法nEmbeddingmeansplacingthemodifiersbeforethewordbeingmodified.nCongresshadmadelawsrequiringmostpressuregroupstogiveinformationabouthowmuchtheyspendandhowtheyspentit,theamountandsourcesoffunds,membe

19、rship,andnamesandsalariesoftheirrepresentatives.n国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。nThereisnoclasswar,butawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireandCommonwealthofNationsisengaged,withoutdistinctionofrace,creed,orparty.n这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。Now you

20、try:nAmoleculemaybeconsideredasthesmallestparticleofmatterthatcanexistwithoutchangingitsnature.n可以认为，分子是在不改变物质性质的情况下能够存在的物质的最小微粒。nIn1970,hewasplacedunderhousearrestwhenherefusedtousemassiveforceinsuppressingworkerriotsontheseacoast.n1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。4.Dividing 切分法nBymeansofdividing,we

21、maybreakupalongEnglishsentenceintodifferentpartsaccordingtoitssensegroups,andthentranslateeachpartonebyoneintoChinese.n有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。nHumanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensuredtheirsurvival,bytheabili

22、tytoobserveandunderstandtheirenvironmentandtheneithertoadapttothatenvironmentortocontrolandadaptittotheirownneeds.n人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存下来。5.Splitting 拆分法nBysplittingwemeantakingcertainelementsoutofasentenceandtreatingthemseparately.nThenumber

23、oftheyoungpeopleintheUnitedStateswhocantreadisincredibleaboutoneinfour.n没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。n大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。nAnoutsiderssuccesscouldevencuriouslyhelptwopartiestogettheagreementtheywant.n说来也怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望得到的协议。6.Inserting 插入法插入法nByinsertingherewemeanputtingsomeaddit

24、ionalpunctuationmarkssuchasdash,parenthesis,colon,etc.,inalongandcomplexsentencesoastomaketheChineseversionbothclearandsmooth.nThesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsocietyfromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizen,ofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandactionthatscientistsuseintheirwork.n第二个方面是全体

25、社会成员（从政府官员到普通公民）都使用科学家们在他们工作中所采用的那种特殊的思考方法和行为方法。nIfyougotovisitNobelsoldresidence,thehouseinwhichthegreatchemistremainedabachelorthroughouthislife,youwillcatchsightofashelfladenwithexperimentalrecords.n如果你参观诺贝尔的故居在那座房子里，这位伟大的化学家过了一辈子的独身生活你将看到一个堆满实验记录的书架。7.Recasting 重组法/综合法n在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都

26、不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。nn例1.Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,for although the police had been ordered tostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.分析:该句共有三层含义:A:人们不敢出门;B:尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含

27、义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果,按照汉语习惯顺序,我们作如下的安排:n尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。Nowyoutry:nModernscientificandtechnicalbooks,especiallytextbooks,requiresrevisionatshortintervalsiftheirauthorswishtokeeppacewithnewideas,observationsanddiscoveries.n大对于现代书籍,特别是教科书来说,要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到

28、的事实和新发现同步发展的话,那么就应该每隔较短的时间,将书中的内容重新修改。nnUptothepresenttime,throughouttheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,thisnewtendencyplacedthehomeintheimmediatesuburbs,butconcentratedmanufacturingactivity,businessrelations,government,andpleasureinthecentersofthecities.n到目前为止,经历了18和19两个世纪,这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活

29、动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。定语从句的翻译Attributive ClausesnI.AComparativeStudyofEnglishandChineseAttributive.nII.TranslationofRestrictiveAttributiveClausesnIII.TranslatingNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClausesnIV.AttributiveClausesFunctioningasAdverbials I.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attribut

30、ive StructuresnThis is the cat.这就是那只猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat.n这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。n This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。nThis is the cat that kill

31、ed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.n*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。II.Translation of Restrictive Attributive Clauses 1.Combination:把从句译为带把从句译为带“的的”的定语短语，放在被修饰的定语短语，放在被修饰词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称词前，将复合句译成汉语单句。又称“前置法前置法”。n The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear o

32、f him.n在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。nPollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.n污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。nJuly and August are the months when the weather is hot.n七八月是天气很热的月份。nIn the room where the electronic computer is kept,there must be no dust at all.n在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点儿灰尘。2.Division n如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得

33、太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往译成后置的并列分句。可以译成并列分句，重复英语先行词，如：nBetween these two tiny particles,the proton and the electron,there is a powerful attraction that is always present between negative and positive electric charges.n在质子和电子这两个微粒之间有一个很大的吸引力，而这个吸引力总是存在于正负电荷之间。n还可以译成并列分句，省略英语先行词，如：nNewton invented a paper lant

34、ern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on dark winter mornings.n牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼照路。2.DivisionnHe managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weight up to two pounds each.n他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。nA fuel is a material which will burn

35、at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.n燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。nThey worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.n他们制定出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。nThey are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have l

36、aid down their lives.n 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。3.Mixture n 溶合法是把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子的一种翻译方法。（There be 结构句子往往这样处理）nThere were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.n在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.n楼下有人要见你

37、。nFortunately,there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.n幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。nThere are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.n某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。nThere are many people who want to see the film.n许多人要看这部电影。3.Mixturen 还有一些定语从句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成

38、汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。n“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.n一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”nWe used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.n我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。nGood clocks have pendulums which are automatically co

39、mpensated for temperature changes.n好的钟摆可以自动补偿温度变化造成的误差。III.Translating Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses n 1.在译文中把原文从句后置，重复关系词所代表的汉译，译成并列分句。nI told the story to John,who told it to his brother.n我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟.nThis is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to

40、be engineers or scientists.n这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。2.前置法：一些较短的具有描写性的从句也可译成带“的”的前置短语，放在被修饰词前面nTransistors,which are small in size,can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.n采用体积较小的晶体管可以使先前那种大而笨的收音机变得又轻又小。nThe sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.n整天躲在云层里

41、的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了.n The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth,which was wide,thin and hard set.n 讲话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助他加强了语气。n But Miggles laugh,which was very infectious,broke the silence.n 密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。3.译成独立句译成独立句nOne time there was a violent thunderstorm,the worst I had ever seen,which obscu

42、red my objective.n有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我平生所仅见。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。nNevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.n不过，问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。IV.Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials n1.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofCausen2.TranslatingintoChineseA

43、dverbialClausesofResultn3.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofConcessionn4.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClauseofConditionn5.TranslatingintoChineseAdverbialClausesofPurpose1.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Cause nWe know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays than our ey

44、es,can see clearly in the night.n我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看的很清楚。nYou must grasp the concept of“work”which is very important in physics.n你必须掌握“功”的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。2.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Result nThere was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pl

45、eased all of them.n这个方案富于创造性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此他们都很喜欢。nCopper,which is used so widely for carrying electricity,offers very little resistance.n铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。3.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Concession nHe insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.n他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要.nE

46、lectronic computers,which have many advantages,cannot carry out creative work and replace man.n尽管电子计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。4.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Condition nMen become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.n人们拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一

47、家人的生活就行。nFor any machine whose input and output forces are known,its mechanical advantage can be calculated.n对于任何机器来说，如果知其输入力和输出力，就能求出其机械效率。5.Translating into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Purpose nThey have built up a new college here,where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists.n他们在这里建了一所学院，以培养科技人才nIll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical terms,which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly.n我要设法弄一本有插图的技术名词词典，以便把科学文献译得更准确。References for further studyn英汉互译实践与技巧unit9,名词性从句unit10,定语从句unit11状语从句n英汉翻译基础教程第四单元（p46-56）