英汉翻译英汉词义对比与选词.ppt

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1、Lecture ThreelContrast of Lexical lMeaning between lEnglish and Chinese,land Diction l(Choice of Words)l英汉词义对比与英译汉英汉词义对比与英译汉lCaesarwasright.Thinpeopleneedwatching.Ivebeenwatchingthemformostofmyadultlife,andIdontlikewhatIsee.Whenthesenarrowfellowsspringatme,Iquivertomytoes.Thinpeoplecomeinallpersonal

2、ities,mostofthemmenacing.Youvegotyour“together”thinperson,yourmechanicalthinperson,yourcondescendingthinperson,yourtsk-tskthinperson,yourefficiency-expertthinperson.Allofthemaredangerous.l恺撒大帝说的一点不错。瘦人的确需要好好得观察。我成年后的大半辈子都在仔细得观察着他们，结果是，我实在不怎么喜欢我所看到的。当这些瘦瘦的家伙蹦跳着朝我过来，我便浑身颤栗。这些人儿性格各异，大多为阴险狡诈之徒。你会遇见诸如精明的

3、瘦人，呆板机械的瘦人，谦逊的瘦人，啧啧挑剔的瘦人亦或是效率专家般的瘦人。不过，这些瘦人都是危险人物。lCaesarwasright.Thinpeopleneedwatching.Ivebeenwatchingthemformostofmyadultlife,andIdontlikewhatIsee.Whenthesenarrowfellowsspringatme,Iquivertomytoes.Thinpeoplecomeinallpersonalities,mostofthemmenacing.Youvegotyour“together”thinperson,yourmechanicalth

4、inperson,yourcondescendingthinperson,yourtsk-tskthinperson,yourefficiency-expertthinperson.Allofthemaredangerous.l正如凯撒所说，对于虚情假意的人，我们需要付出更多的观察。在过去的日子里我一直在关注他们，但是我并不喜欢我所看到的一切。当那些狭隘的家伙接近我，我甚至连脚趾都在颤抖。虚情假意的人拥有很多的性格特点，但相当大的一部分都是具有威胁性的。那些如机械般的、优越感极强的、精明的和最有效率的家伙其实都在你的周围，而且他们都是危险的。I.Contrast in Vocabularyl1

5、.Contrast in Meaning（词义对比（词义对比）lA.reflective（反映式）l Reflecting the ideas of both materials and non-materials.Examples:lArticles;foods;clothing;mountains and rivers,and geography,social morality;psychology;ethics,etc.l llB.refractive（折射式）l indirect reflection of objectsl e.g.birdlC.integrative（整合式）lco

6、mbinationofthemeaningoftwowords.E.g.lflexitime”l（弹性工作制，始于英国）l铁饭碗l（asecuredjob）Degrees of Equivalence in Word Meaningla.equivalence（对应关系）lMainlyincludingpropernouns,terminologyand some names or titles in daily life.Examples:lTheU.S.StateDepartment美国国务院lComputationallinguistics计算语言学lThePacificOcean太平洋

7、lTuberculosis肺结核lhelicopter直升飞机lmanliness男子气lincensecoil盘香laside旁白b.inclusion（涵盖关系（涵盖关系）lMainly including those words whosemeanings have extensive and narrowseparations.Examples:lmarriage嫁、娶lgun枪、炮lsister姐、妹lmorning早晨、上午c.intersection（交替式（交替式）lMainlyincludingthosewordswithseveralmeanings,thereforeth

8、eirmeaningshouldbedeterminedbythecontexts.lshortl1)LiuHu-lanslifewasshort butbrilliant.l2)Theshellsfellshort.l3)Shesaidshehadashortmemory.l4)Indeedhehasashorttemper.l5)Hecomplainedthatthenoticewasshort.d.replacement（替代关系（替代关系）lExample:l妻舅lLiteralmeaning:lwifesuncle，lFactualmeaning:lwifesbrotherorbro

9、ther-in-law。e.exclusion（冲突关系（冲突关系）lYoucannotfindthesignifierinthetargetlanguagefromthesignifiedinthesourcelanguage.Mainlyincludingfreshornewlyappearedpropernouns,terminologyandthosetoreflectEnglishandAmericansocialcustomsandmanners,etc.Examples:l“大舅”、“老四”、“三爷”lMascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表层下高密度的）物

10、质聚积lBeddo（一种多用途的）床lOverkill（核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀伤力lPlumber（形成与“五角大楼文件”泄露事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。现常用来指特工。）2.Diction(ChoiceofWords)lChoice of Meaning in Comprehension and Choice of Words in RepresentationI.According to class of words l1.Old Li likeslikes a television more than a camera.l电视机和照相机两者当中老李更喜欢电视机。l2.LikeLik

11、e father,likelike son.l有其夫，必有其子。l3.LikeLike knows likelike.l英雄识英雄。l1.Bobby and I are likelike brothers and sisters.l鲍比和我亲如兄妹。l2.He doesnt speak English likelike I speak it.l他说英语和我说英语不一样。Classroom Translation Practice(1)l1.a roundround postl一根圆柱l2.The wheels go roundround rapidly.l车轮飞转。l3.The night w

12、atchman makes his roundsrounds every hour.l夜班人员每小时巡视一次。l1.The students stood roundround the teacher.l学生围站在老师的周围。l2.We roundedrounded the Cape of Good Hope.l我们饶过了好望角。II.According to context and collocation l1.It was a girl with good manners.l这是一位举止得体的举止得体的姑娘。l2.These were all labeled as good eggs.l这些

13、都被标为新鲜的新鲜的鸡蛋。l3.Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends.l狗经常被认为是人类的忠实忠实朋友。l4.He was told,when complaining that he could not follow Nassers moves,that Nasser was a good chess player.l有一次，当他抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时，有人对他说，纳赛尔是个高明的高明的棋手。l5.The Captain of the jet came back,saluted and,in very goodgood English,s

14、aid to the President,To l Cairo,Sir.l 喷汽式飞机机长回来，敬了个礼，并用漂漂亮亮的的英语对总统说，“先生，去开罗。”l6.Autumn was already in the air on the late afternoon when she decided to fish near the island.The goodgood little pram purred across the water,and I settled on the rock to keep my secret watch,knowing that it was simply a

15、 matter of days before Id have to call Popa.l 傍晚时分，天空中已显出几分秋意。她决定到小岛附近去钓鱼。可可爱爱的的小平底船轧轧地划过湖面。我靠在那块岩石上继续悄悄观望，心理晓得过不了几天便不能不打电话 给爸爸了。l7.I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer.The world isfull of right answers to bad questions.While teaching,I sometimes find goodgoo

16、d questions.l 我教书是因为我喜欢问一些学生必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。这个世界上有的是对付拙劣问题的答案。在教书过程中，我有时也能找到出色的出色的问题。l8.The elder went on to tell Nunez how time had been divided into the warm and the cold,andhow it was good good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold.l 那些长辈们继续向努涅斯说明他们是如何把时间划分为温暖和寒冷两部分，温暖的时间适适宜宜于于睡觉，寒冷的时间适宜于适宜

17、于工作。l9.yet,as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter curves over his homes,who is a goodgood Christian,a goodgood parent,a goodgood child,a good good wife or a goodgood husband;who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn

18、his loss;.l “不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔虔诚诚的的教徒，慈慈爱爱的的父母，孝孝顺顺的的儿女，贤贤良良的的妻子，尽尽职职的的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们”Classroom Translation Practice(2)l1.The play ranran 100 nights.l这出戏演演了一百个夜场。l2.My watch has runrun down.l我的表停停了。l3.Water is runningrunning short.l水快用光用光了。l4.The price is runningrunning high.l价格正

19、在上扬上扬。l5.Hey,your nose is runningrunning.l瞧，你流鼻涕流鼻涕了。l6.My school runsruns a factory.l我们的学校办了办了一家工厂。l7.They ranran through the enemy blockade.l他们冲破了冲破了敌人的封锁。l8.He ran ran across an old friend of his in town yesterday.l昨天他在城里碰到了碰到了一位老朋友。III.By the extension of meaning for the choice of words lA.Exten

20、sion by abstractionl1.There is a mixture of lionlion and lamblamb in his character.l他的性格刚柔相济。l2.Scepter Scepter and crowncrown must tumble down,and in the dust be equal made with the poor crooked scythescythe and spadespade.l显显贵贵王王侯侯，全会倒毙，与贫贱农农民民一同埋在尘土之中。l4.The penpen is mightier than the sword.swor

21、d.l文胜于武。l5.Life is a battle from the cradlecradle to the gravegrave.l人生从出生出生到死亡死亡是一场战斗。l6.He is a black black sheepsheep in the family.l他是个败家子败家子。Classroom Translation Practice(3)l1.This prize is the blue blue ribbonribbon in mathematical research.l这个奖是数学中的最高荣誉最高荣誉。l2.I was practically on on my my k

22、neesknees but he still refused.l我几乎是在苦苦哀求苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。l3.He is a rolling rolling stonestone,I dont think he can lay up any money.l他是个见异思迁见异思迁的人，我想他是不会存钱的。l4.He has felt the patriotpatriot more intense than ever before since he witnessed the enemys atrocities.l 自从他目睹了敌人的暴行之后，他感到心中的爱国热情爱国热情比以往任何时候更强烈了。

23、l5.Having allowed the fatherfather to be overruled by the judgejudge,he declared his own son to be guilty.l 由于法法官官的的责责任任感感压倒了父父子子的的感感情情，他终于宣判他儿子有罪。l6.He acted the lordlord wherever he went.l 他每到一处都摆出一副盛盛气气凌凌人人的的架子。l7.An eagleeagle doesnt catch fliesflies!l 伟大者不贪小利。l8.Deeds malesmales,words femalesfe

24、males.l 行为刚毅刚毅，谈吐文雅文雅。B.Extension by concretionl1.Good companionshipcompanionship is beneficial.l良友良友有益。l2.TruthTruth wins trust.l说真话的人说真话的人博得人们的信任。l3.HonestyHonesty pays itself.l诚实的人诚实的人从来不吃亏。Classroom Translation Practice(4)l1.the beauty of the jail.l监狱之花花。l2.emperors,kings,generals and ministers,

25、talentstalents and beautiesbeauties.l帝王将相，才子佳人才子佳人。l3.We in Zambia would like to build a colorblindcolorblind society where all men can have equal opportunity.l我们赞比亚愿意建立一个机会均等，不不因因肤肤色色不同不同而产生种族歧视的社会。l4.Alongside or not far from the lavish residences and tall modern buildings of the the well-heeledwe

26、ll-heeled were the poverty-crammed hovels and mud-floor matsheds.l 那那些些有有钱钱有有势势的的人人居住的豪华住宅以及现代化高楼大厦傍边不远处，就是塞满了穷人的草棚你屋。IV.According to commendatory and derogatory senses of words lA.A.A commendatory or derogatory term should be translated accordinglyl1.That fat jap jap!l那个肥胖的日本佬日本佬！l2.I will say the

27、very thought of you make me sicksick and that you treated me with miserablemiserable cruelty.l 我就说，我一想起你就恶心，你对我残残酷酷到了可耻的地步。Classroom Translation Practice(5)1.The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthypraiseworthy.l 他们所从事的事业是值得赞扬的赞扬的。l2 Henry keeps boasting boasting that he has talked to the Pres

28、ident.l 亨里老是吹嘘吹嘘他与总统谈过话。l3.He was politepolite and always gave advice willinglywillingly,she recalled.l她回忆说，“他过去彬彬有理彬彬有理，总是诲人不倦诲人不倦。”B.Be careful to differentiate the commendatory sense B.Be careful to differentiate the commendatory sense from the derogatory sensefrom the derogatory sense.l1.Next Ed

29、ison turned his inventive genius to another ambitiousambitious project-the invention of a means of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas:the invention of an electric-light bulb.l然后，爱迪生把其创造的天才转向另一项宏宏大大的的计划发明用电来代替煤气照明街道和建筑物，即要设法制造电灯泡。l2 Our conference did in the end make deta

30、iled plans for the invasioninvasion.l 我们的会议最后确实制定了进攻进攻的详细方案。Classroom Translation Practice(6)l1.He is bright and ambitious.ambitious.l他既聪明又有抱负抱负。l2For people of my generation,he said,Nixon had certain reputationreputation,I needed to assure myself the reputationreputation was not deserved.l他说，“对于我这一

31、代人来说，尼克松有某种坏坏名名声声。但我需要自己相信，他这个坏坏名名声声是不该有的。”l3Mr.Brown felt greatly flatteredflattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.l布朗先生收到去演讲的请贴时感到莫大的荣幸荣幸。l4.Hans was too obviously flatteringflattering the gentleman by saying that he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.l汉斯说，这位先生是他平生

32、所见到过的最有胆识的人，这种阿谀奉承阿谀奉承未免太露骨了。l5.From him,I learned that a good politicianpolitician is marked to a great degree by his sense of timing.He says the right thing at the right movement.l从他那里我息得一名能干的政政治治家家在很大程度上在于善于审时度势，他在适当时候说适当的话。lHomework for todayl1.There,there,nevermind.l2.There,theworksdone.l3.Idis

33、agreewithyouthere.l4.Tomjuststrippedtohisshortsforsleeping.l5.Heisallwet.l6.Heis wet allover.l7.Heneverreadsabookinhislifeandstillwritesaschoolboyhand.l8.Thebabycantwalk,hecanttalk,hecantfeedorbathehimself,andinthathehasanunmixed blessing.l9.IllleteverybodyatLowoodknowwhat you are andwhat you have done.l10.Iusedtobeapolitician.ButsinceIcamebackfromPekingIhavebeenastatesman.