英语语法danglingconstru.ppt

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1、to our groupMembers:StevenGraceVeraMillyBonnieStellaAppleLindaDanglingModifierAdanglingmodifierisaphraseorclausethatiswronglyattachedtothematrixclause(主句),sothattheimpliedsubject(逻辑主语)ofthisphrase/clauseisnotthesameoneofthematrixclause.Thisphrase/clauseisdanglingbecauseitisactuallyunattachedtothesen

2、tence.The types of The types of dangling dangling constructionconstruction1.Dangling participles and participial clausesParticiples or participial clauses may be at the beginning or the end of a sentence,and a participial clause is usually attached to its subject clause.However,when the subject is m

3、issing or the participle attaches itself to another object in a sentence,the clause is seemingly hanging on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun.It thus becomes a dangling participle.ExampleWalking down Main Street,the trees were beautiful.the walking down participle modifies trees,the subje

4、ct of the sentence.However,the trees are presumably not themselves walking down Main Street.The participle in fact modifies the unmentioned speaker of the sentence,the one doing the walking(and finding the trees beautiful).2.Dangling infinitive phrasesSome infinitive phrases are used as adverbial an

5、d its logical subject does not agree with the subject of the sentence.(F）To appreciate the English language,reading must be done.（T）To appreciate the English language,we must read.3.Dangling prepositional phraseSome prepositional phrases are used as adverbial and its logical subject does not agree w

6、ith the subject of the sentence（F）Instead of watching The Late Show,a novel was read.（T）Instead of watching The Late Show,Nancy read a novel.The Dangling Construction of pragmatic meanings（语用意义）（语用意义）1.Leadingtopic:Talkingof(谈及，说到），Gettingbackto，Comingto，Referringtoeg:1.Talkingofmoney,haveyoupaidthe

7、tailorsbillyet?2.Comingtothisquestion，Isayno.2.Expressingthespeechwayofpeople:Puttingitmildly,Franklyspeaking，Generallyspeaking，Roughlyspeaking，Broadlyspeakingeg:Generallyspeaking，dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancats3.Expressingthetalkingperspectiveofspeaker:Judgingfrom,Accordingto，Considering,Viewingit

8、from(从来说），Seeingeg:Judgingfromhisexpression，heisinabadmood4.Providingconditionsforthecontentwhatthespeakersaid:iforwith,Provided,Supposingeg:Supposingthistobetrue，heiscertainlythemurderer5.Actingasaadversativeconjunction:Admittingthat（虽然，即使），Allowedthat，Allowingfor，Considering（that），Assumingthat，See

9、ingthat，Grantingthat（即使，假定），Grantedthateg:Admitting（AssumingAllowing）thatheisdrunk，thatisnoexcuse6.Expressingwhatthespeakersayswithoutexception:Barring（除非，不包括），Bating（除以外），Excepting，Excepted,Including，Counting，Settingaside（除以外），Leavingeg:Settingasidethequestionofcapital（资金），thisbusinesshasmanyotherp

10、roblemsUsefuldanglingstructuresV-ingstructureV-edstructureInfinitivestructuregenerallyspeaking一般来看broadlyspeaking广而言之personallyspeaking就个人而言franklyspeaking坦率地说judgingfrom/by从看considering考虑到providing在条件下supposing假定talkingof/about说起，谈到given考虑到granted即使，假定.，就算providedthat假设supposed假设admitted假定allowed假设

11、totellyouthetruth说老实话tobehonest诚恳地说tobesure的确，毫无疑问tobefair说良心话tobefrank坦率地说tocutalongstoryshort长话短说toputitinanotherway换句话说tobeginwith首先 There are three kinds of correction methods of dangling construction as follows：Dangling participle or participle phrases,such as:Climbing up the hill,several boars

12、 were seen.(a)Determiningthelogicalsubject,makesentencesinto“Climbing up the hill,the explorers saw several boars.”(b)Thepresentparticiplephrasecanbeextendedintotheadverbclause“When the explorers climbed up the hill,they saw several boars/several boars were seen.”The dangling adverbial phrases,such

13、as:After putting a shrimp on the hook,the fish began to bite.what is the logical relationship of adverbial phrase and the fish？(a)Afterputtingashrimponthehook,thefishermanfoundthatthefishbegantobite.(b)Afterthefishermanhadputashrimponthehook,thefishbegantobite.Dangling infinitive verb phrases,such a

14、s:Towritewell,alotofpracticeisneeded.Tobealoyalemployee,asenseofbelongingisamust.Theinfinitiveverbphrasesofthetwosentencecantmodifypracticeandasenseofbelonging“.Therealsubjectmustbepeople(a)Towritewell,oneneedsalotofpractice/apersonhastopracticealot.(b)Tobealoyalemployee,heorshemusthaveasenseofbelon

15、ging.Amongthethreedanglingstructuresabovementioned,thefirsttypeisusedfrequently,however,thefollowingthreekindsofsituations,participialphrasesareright,theyarenotdanglingstructureFirst，intheAbsoluteConstruction,theparticiplephrasehasitsownsubject,soitisnotdanglingstructure：Suchbeingthecase,wecangohome

16、now.Second,whentheparticiplecontainthenatureofprepositionsandconjunctions,itdoesnotrequirethelogicalsubject,sothereisnodanglingproblems.Forexample:Owingtoalackoffunds,theprojecthastobediscontinued.Providedthatthereissufficienttime,everyonecandothejobbetter.Third,whentheparticiplephrasesareusedtoexpr

17、essthespeakersattitudeoropinion,alsodonotneedtobethelogicalsubject,sothereisnotadanglingproblem.Forexample:Judgingfromhisfaciallook,thenewsmusthavebeenterrible.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrongwiththelogicbehindthatideaSomeinstructionsofdraping the past participle1。AccordingtoEnglishsyntax(语法）,whenp

18、articipleorpastparticiplephraseareusedasadverbial,itslogicalsubjectshouldagreewiththesubjectofthesentence.FOREXAMPLE:Viewed from a distance,the island looked like a cloud.Thissentenceiscorrect,becausethelogicalsubjectofphraseview from distanceisthe island，thiscessioncanrewriteas：When it(=the island)

19、was viewed from a distance.2。Whenparticipleorpastparticiplephraseareusedasadverbial，itslogicalsubjectdoesntagreewiththesubjectofthesentence，itiscalleddangling the past participle.Dangling past participlehasalwaysbeenlookedasagainstthesyntax,whichisincorrect.FOREXAMPLE:Moved by his speech,tears came

20、to the girls eyes.Thissentenceisincorrect,becausethelogicalsubjectofpastparticiplephrasemoved by his speechisthe girl,butthesubjectofthissentenceistears,theyareinconforming.How to deal with dangling participle 1.Changingthestructureofsentences,makethelogicalsubjectandthesubjectofsentenceinagreement.

21、2.Addingitsownsubjectinfrontoftheparticiple,formsegmentationofthenominativeabsolutestructure(分词的独立主格结构)EXAMPLESMoved by his speech,the girl couldnt hold back her eyes.Thissentenceiscorrect，becauselogicalsubjectofpastparticiplephrasemoved by his speechisthe girl，meanwhile，thesubjectofthissentenceisth

22、e girl.The girl moved by his speech,tears came to her eyes.Thissentenceiscorrect，too.Becauseinfrontofpastparticiplephrase moved by his speech,hereweaddanlogicalsubjectthe girl,so itformsanominativeabsolutestructure(独立主格结构).ChoosetherightanswerfromABC(1)Inthesesentences,whichsentenceisshowingwhatisth

23、etopic?A:Comingtothisquestion,Isayno.B:Consideringthelowprice,thecarisworthbuying.C:Giventhattheirinexperience,theyvedoneagoodjob.(A)(2)“Gettingbacktoourstory,theprincesswasskilled.”Thissentencesuitsforwhichsituation?A:ShowthespeakerswayB:ShowwhatisthetopicC:Showthespeakersbasisorperspective(B)(3)Wh

24、ichsentenceisshowthespeakersbasisorperspective?A:Generallyspeaking,dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancats.B:Providedthatafilmentertains,fewpeoplecareaboutitsothermerits.C:AccordingtoBarthes,theauthorhaddied(C)(4)Inthefollowingsentences,whichsentenceisdanglingstructure?A:Goingupthehill,thestatueofLincolnst

25、ruckmyeye.B:Goingupthehill,IsawthestatueofLincoln.(A)SentenceAisdanglingstructure.Because“goingtothehill”logicsubjectisnotthesubject”thestatueofLincoln”SentenceBistheformalV-ingstructure,thelogicsubjectissamewiththesubject“I”Inthefollowingsentences,whichsentenceisdanglingstructure?A:Tiedtoapost,thes

26、eawasbeingtossedupanddownbythesea.B:Tiedtoapost,theseawastossingtheboatupanddown.(A)SentenceAistheformalV-edstructure,thelogicalsubjectissamewiththesubject“I”.SentenceBistanglingstructure,because“tiedtoapost”logicalsubjectisnotthesubject”thesea”TorF:(1)Tomakefriends,honestyisimportant.(x)Reason:inth

27、issentence,therearetwosubjects:oneissomeone,theotherissomething,soitiswrong.Wecancorrectitinthreeways.Three ways:=If one wants to make friends,honesty is important.=To make friends,one must be honest.=For one to make friends,honesty is important.(2)Spreadingtotheleft,hejumpeddownfromthearmchair.(x)R

28、eason:thissentenceisalsowrong,thesamereasonaslastsentence.Wecancorrectitintwoways.=Thefirespreadingtotheleft,hejumpeddownfromthearmchair.=As/Whenthefirespreadtotheleft,hejumpeddownfromthearmchair.(3)Attheageoften,myfatherbegantoteachmeJapanese.(x)Reason:thesamereasonwithlasttwosentences.Correct:when

29、Iwastenyearsold,myfatherbegantoteachmeJapanese.What is the dangling construction.Three types of dangling construction.Six pragmatic meanings of dangling construction.Three kinds of correction methods of dangling construction.Some instructions of draping the past participle.Some useful exercises to deepen our understanding of dangling construction.Thanks to the contribution of our teacher and classmates,we have enjoyed a knowledge banquet of dangling construction.From now on,we can use them correctly.What a meaningful lesson it is.