英语四级写作知识讲座.ppt

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1、I.Paragraph Writing段落写作方法段落写作方法段落(paragraph)是由表达单一中心思想(central idea)的一组句子（包括主题句topic sentence，扩展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one(and usually only one)main idea.A paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as lo

2、ng as ten sentences.The number of sentences is unimportant;however,the paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.The Three Parts of a ParagraphAll paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences,and some paragraphs also have a concluding sentence.II.主题句的写法主题句的写法主题句是表

3、达段落主题的句子。它用来概扩段落大意，要求全段其它文字都围绕它展开。主题句通常放在段落的开头，开门见山的提出问题，然后加以说明，其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题的内容。主题句也可放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在句尾起概括全段的作用。The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph.It not only names the topic of the paragraph,but it also limits the topic to one specific area that can be disc

4、ussed completely in the space of a single paragraph.Everygoodparagraphhasatopicsentence,whichclearlystatesthetopicandthecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph.It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss.For this reason,the topic s

5、entence is a helpful guide to both the writer and the reader.The writer can see what information to include(and what information to exclude).The reader can see what the paragraph is going to be about and is therefore better prepared to understand it.Here are three important points to remember about

6、a topic sentence.1.Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence;thatis,itcontainsatleastonesubjectandoneverb.The following are not complete sentences because they do not have verbs:Driving on freeways.How to register for college classes.The rise of indie films.2.A topic sentence contains both a topic and a con

7、trolling idea.It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness.Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students.The rise of indie film is due to several

8、factors.3.A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph becauseit gives only the main idea.It does not give any specific details.Remember that a topic sentence is a complete sentence and is neither too general nor too specific.例例1(主题句）As is known to all,exercises does bring a lot o

9、f benefits to health.First,it can greatly strenghten our hearts,lungs,bones and muscles,thereby changing our whole health for the better.Besides,it can make our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.Andbestofall,it can help us breed optimism about our tough life.III.扩展句的写法扩展句的写法S

10、upportingsentencesdevelopthetopicsentence.Thatis,theyexplainorprovethetopicsentencebygivingmoreinformationaboutit.1.每个主要扩展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明；2.每个次要扩展句都应该说明它的主要扩展句3.含有讨论说明或分析的问题，通常既要有主要扩展句，又要次要扩展句。(主题句）The importance of body language to our success in social contact is now drawing more of

11、our concern than ever before.（主要扩展句）Tobeginwith，it has strong held on the reactions of others to us.（次要扩展句）What we tend to show through our eyes,faces,bodies and gestures often brings about a chain of reactons from others,ranging from appreciation to disgust.（主要扩展句）Besides,it serves as a litmus test

12、 for our true feelings.(次要扩展句）Every time we make insincere remark,our facial expressions,the tone of our voices and even our posture may reveal more to others than our speech.（主要扩展句）Andmostofall,it has the power to determine whether or not we will succeed in social contact.(次要扩展句）If you have a decis

13、ive date with a girl/boy and your manners or the way you conduct yourself doesnt match your social status,for example,your chances ofwinning the others heart will be slim.(结论句)Inshort,where there is a better exercises of body language in social contact,there will be more hope of success.IV.段落段落发发展的方

14、法展的方法1.列举法(details)通过列举一系列的论据，对 topic sentence 中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。例：There are many ways for you to break with your bad habit of smoking：First，build up your will to abandon it by frequently reminding yourself of its harmfulness.Second,replace your bad habit with a good

15、 one,such as coffee drinking or bubble-gum chewing.And listen to the regret the victims of smoking express from the bottom of their hearts.Aslongasyou cling to the steps as mentioned above,you will be amazed at how effective they are.常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：First，Second,And.,for one thing,for another,2.举例法(Ex

16、ample):通过举出具体事例来阐述，说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举发的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实要求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.Forexample,those who emjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.Foranotherexample,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can

17、have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.常用于举例法的过渡连接词有：for example(instance),one example is,be

18、sides,furthermore,moreover,in addition3.叙述法（Narration):按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交代事物的本末，从而可以使读者清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。例：In the flat opposite,a woman heard the noise outside.When she looked out through the window,she discovered that her neighbor was threatened b

19、y someone.She immediately calld the police station.In answer to the call,a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly.Three polimen went inside the flat at once,and others guanded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.常用于叙述法的过渡连接词有：first,at the beginning,to start with

20、,after that,later,then,afterwards,in the end,finally4.对比法或比较法（Comparision&Contrast):将同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点。例：If my choice were restricted between doing science and going into business,the former would hold more attraction for me.Foronething,a businesssman has to waste

21、 his precious time beating one bargain after another with his counterparts.Bycontrast,a scientist can always spend his valuable time attacking one profound problem after another in science.Forexample,a businessman,once involved in a dirty or illegal deal,tends to place himself on the road to crime.I

22、ncontrasttothat,a scientist,once involved in a potential or landmark research,is more likely to put himself on the way to success.And the most striking difference between both lies in their contributions to society.What a businessman has achieved may be of much profit to his firm or his circles whil

23、e what a scientist has fulfilled will be of great benefit to his field or the whole human society.From the comparisons and contrasts above,therefore,anyone can conclude that my prefereance for doing science is more reasonable and more acceptable.比较法上过渡连接词有：than,conpared with,By contrast to that,whil

24、e5.分类法(Classification)6.因果分析法(Cause and Effect）because,so,as a result7.定义法(Definition)refer to,mean,call8.重复发(Repetition)V.结尾的写法结尾的写法A concluding sentence serves two purposes:1.It signals the end of the paragraph.2.It leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember.It can do this in two

25、ways:By summmizing the main points of the paragraphOR1.重复中心思想重复中心思想 By repeating the topic sentence in different words例：From the comparisions and contrast above,therefore,anyone can conclude that my preferance for doing science is more reasonable and more acceptable.2.段落最后几句话概况全文内容并进一段落最后几句话概况全文内容并进

26、一步肯定段落中心思想或作者的观点步肯定段落中心思想或作者的观点In sum,exercise can do us good or harm,all depending on how we make use of it.In a word,where there is an effective patriotic education of youth,there is a greater enhancement of national cohesiveness.3.应用引语、格言、谚语或习语总结全应用引语、格言、谚语或习语总结全段，既言简意赅又有更强的段，既言简意赅又有更强的 说服力。说服力。例

27、：Just as the old saying goes,Every advantage had its disadvantage,so I believe both opinions are acceptable in some sense.4.用反问结尾。虽然形式是问句，但意义却是用反问结尾。虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考肯定的具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考So,what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?5.提出展望或期望表示对为了的展望、或期待读者投入行动With more and

28、 more people committing money to the Project of Hope,I firmly believe that our society will become better and better.End-of-Paragraph Signals followed by a CommaFinally,In brief,In conclusion,Indeed,In short,Lastly,Therefore,Thus,To sum up,End-of-Paragraph Signals not Followed by a CommaThe evidence

29、 suggests that.There can be no doubt that.These examples show that.We can see that.写作模板写作模板一（批驳分析类）1)With the arrival/birth of,sth.is becoming more and more in our life.2)Hit/Affected with this trend,some/many people come to believe/contend that.(错误观念)3)But their viewpoint/belief could not arouse an

30、y echo in my mind.(作者的立场)4)It is true that sth.is a key ingredient in ones(让步法分析)5)On any scale of,in fact,there is almost nothing heavier than sth.6)If we see sth.in its true colors,however,it isnothing but(批驳分析I)7).(进一步阐述)8)And moreover,laying any undue stress on sth.may lead one to,as can be easi

31、ly seen in the cases of(批驳分析II)9)Therefore,it is necessary to take a correct attitude towards sth.10)On the one hand,(正确看法I)11)On the other,.(正确看法II)12)In sum,sth.means but not to our life.(结论句)What Attitude Should We Take to Money1.社会上对金钱的错误观念。2.分析批驳其错误所在。3.给出如何正确看待金钱的建议。What Attitude Should We Tak

32、e to Money1)With the arrival of market-based economy,money is becoming more and more important in our life.2)Hit with this trend,many people come to believe that money is above everything else in their life.3)But their belief could not arouse any echo in my mind.4)It is true that money is a key ingr

33、edient in ones struggle towards happiness,without which,for example,there would be no way to go to college or form a family.5)On any scale of ones daily worry,in fact,there is almost nothing heavier than money.6)If we see it in its true colors,however,money is nothing but a means to an end.7)Money c

34、an buy us food,but not appetite;medicine,but not health;diplomas,but not knowledge;and days of joy,but not the whole life of happiness.8)And moreover,laying any undue stress on money may lead one to stop at nothing in making it,as can be easily seen in the cases of most corrupt officials.9)Therefore

35、,it is necessary to take a correct attitude towards money.10)On the one hand,money is vital to our daily life,in which case,it is wise of you to spend not where you may save.11)On the other,money is something to be plowed into something more important,so it is better to spare not where you must spen

36、d.12)In sum,money means something but not everything to our life.二写作模式（分析建议类）1)As is known to all,sth.does bring a lot of benefits to sb./sth.else.2)First,it can greatly strengthen,thereby changing for the better.(正面分析I)3)Besides,it can make/render sb./sth.else better able to(正面分析II)4)And best of al

37、l,it can help sb.(正面分析III)5）But all the above does not mean/follow that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects sth.brings about.6）If,as a successionof scientific studies reveals/implies/suggests,there are more chances that(负面分析I)7)In addition,the more.,the worse.(负面分析II)8)And worst of all,(

38、负面分析III)9)Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of sth.10)On the one hand,(建议I)11)On the other,.(建议II)12)In sum,sth.can do sb./sth.else good or harm,all depending on (结论句)The Effects of Exercise on Our Health1.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。The Effects of Ex

39、ercise on Our Health 1)As is known to all,exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.2)First,it can greatly strengthen our hearts,lungs,bones and muscles,thereby changing our whole health for the better.3)Besides,it can make our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.4)An

40、d best of all,it can help us breed optimism about our tough life.5)But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects exercise brings about.6)If you are normally inactive and then,contrary to your usual habit,start a program of undue exercise,as a succession of scie

41、ntific studies reveals,there are more chances that you have yourself injured.7)In addition,the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take,the more loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.8)And worst of all,continual as well as excessive exercise can result in sudden de

42、ath.9)Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.10)On the one hand,our physical exercise must be based on both progressiveness and regularity.11)On the other,we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.12)In sum,exer

43、cise can do us good or harm,all depending on how we make use of it.三写作模式（理由陈述类）1)Something may be many things to many people.2)Some may see it as while others may view it as(人们的看法举例)3)As far as I am concerned,however,I would prefer to value it as (我的看法)(Para.I)4)My insight into sth.(My outlook on st

44、h./My understanding of sth.)is bound up with three major factors.5)Primarily,sth.is so that(理由I)6)(进一步阐述)7)Secondly,sth.is also (理由II)8).(进一步阐述)9)And most of all,(理由III)10)(进一步阐述)(Para.II)11)I have(not)much freedom/option in this matter,but I have never found any other way of seeing sth.more reasona

45、ble and acceptable than mine.12)Thus,I will leave no stone unturned during the course of in order to pave the way for.(Para.III)My Way of Seeing Life 人们从不同的角度看待人生2.我所推崇的看法是(说明理由 1)Life may be many things to many people.2)Some may see it as building up as much material wealth as possible while others

46、 may view it as enjoying to the fullest the pleasures each day offers.3)As far as I am concerned,however,I would prefer to value it as my sole chance to enrich myself with knowledge first,then to serve the society with all my heart,and finally to leave the world without any regrets.4)My outlook on l

47、ife is bound up with three major factors.5)Primarily,life is so wondrous that I am eager to explore it.6)Set your heart on a mystery and you can find something new;attach more of your mind to a challenge and you can get a sense of success,all of which,however,depends on how much knowledge you have e

48、quipped yourself with first.7)Secondly,life is also short to any individual like me.8)The flower you have just kissed for the first time is now fading away while the love from others you have come to cherish more is already on the wane.9)And most of all,both wondrousness and shortness of life push m

49、e to seize every golden minute and every golden chance.10)Once I idle away the time I am supposed to grasp to study or work for the people,there will be no more hope of making up for it.11)I have much option in this matter,but I have never found any other way of seeing life more reasonable and accep

50、table than mine.12)Thus,I will leave no stone unturned during the course of my college studies in order to pave the way for my meaningful and colorful life.大学的主要功能是什么：为学生提供职场必备的知识和技术，还是为学生提供获取知识的途径，你认为大学教育必须包括什么？Universities around the world are facing the problem of how to efficiently use their res