World-Trade-Organization.pdf

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1、World Trade Organization The world Trade Organization(WTO)is an international organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade.The WTO came into being on January 1,1995,and is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT),which was created in 1947,and continu

2、ed to operate for almost five decades as a de facto international organization.The World Trade Organization deals with the rules of trade between nations at a near-global level；it is responsible for negotiating and implementing new trade agreements,and is in charge of policing member countries adher

3、ence to all the WTO agreements,signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.Most of the WTOs current work comes from the 1986-94 negotiations called the Uruguay Round,and earlier negotiations under the GATT.The organization is currently the host to new negotiati

4、ons,under the Doha Development Agenda(DDA)launched in 2001.The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference,which meets every two years;a General Council,which implements the conferences policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration;and a director-general,who is appointed by the M

5、inisterial Conference.The WTOs headquarters are in Geneva.Switzerland.Mission and Functions The WTOs stated goal is to improve the welfare of the peoples of its member countries,specifically by lowering trade barriers and providing a platform for negotiation of trade.Its main mission is to ensure th

6、at trade flows as smoothly,predictably and freely as possible.This main mission is further specified in certain core functions serving and safeguarding five fundamental principles,which are the foundation of the multilateral trading system.Among the various functions of the WTO,these are regarded by

7、 analysts as the most important:It oversees the implementation,administration and operation of the covered agreements.It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes.Additionally,it is the WTOs duty to review the national trade policies,and to ensure the coherence and transparency of

8、trade policies through surveillance in global economic policy-making.Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing,lease-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training.The WTO is also a center of econom

9、ic research and analysis:regular assessments of the global trade picture in its annual publications and research reports on specific topics are produced by the organization.Finally,the WTO cooperates closely with the two other components of the Bretton Woods system,the IMF and the World Bank.Accessi

10、on and Membership The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country,and the terms of accession are dependent upon the countrys stage of economic development and current trade regime.The process takes about five years,on average,but it can last more if the country is less than

11、fully committed to the process or if political issues interfere.As is typical of WTO procedures,an offer of accession is only given once consensus is reached among interested parties.The WTO has 151 members(almost all of the 123 nations participating in the Uruguay Round signed on at its foundation,

12、and the rest had to get membership).The 27 states of the European Union are represented also as the European Communities.WTO members do not have to be full sovereign nation-members.Instead,they must be a customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations.A num

13、ber of non-members have been observers at the WTO and are currently negotiating their membership.With the exception of the Holy See,observers must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observes.Some international intergovernmental organizations are also granted observer status t

14、o WTO bodies.14 states and 2 territories so far have no official interaction with the WTO.Chinas increasing integration with the global economy has contributed to sustained growth in international trade.Its exports have become more diversified,and greater penetration of industrial country markets ha

15、s been accompanied by a surge in Chinas imports from all regions-especially Asia,where China plays an increasingly central role in regional specialization.Tariff reforms have been implemented in China since the 1980s and with its WTO accession in December 11th 2001,China has committed itself to addi

16、tional reforms that are far-reaching and challenging.Sustained implementation of these commitments would further deepen Chinas international integration and generate benefits for most partner countries.国际贸易组织 世界贸易组织(WTO)是一个国际组织,旨在监督国际贸易自由化。世界贸易组织诞生于 1995 年 1 月 1 日起,他的前身是关税和贸易总协定(GATT),成立于 1947 年,并继续

17、操作近 5 年成为事实上的国际组织。世界贸易组织处理国家间贸易规则的在一个基准水平;负责谈判和实施新的贸易协定,并 负责监督成员国的坚持所有由大部分世界贸易国签署且由他们 的国会批准的世贸协议。大 部分的 WTO 目前的工作是由从 1986-1994 年的乌拉圭回合谈判以及早先在关贸总协定工 作演变而来的。该组织目前是在 2001 年发表的多哈发展议程（DDA）下组织发展的。世界贸易组织是由每两年举行一次的部长级会议来领导;总理事会：实现了会议的决策 和负责日常管理;总干事：由他任命部长级会议的 成员。世贸组织的总部在瑞士的日内瓦。任务和功能 世贸组织的既定目标是提高人民的福利其成员国,特别是

18、通过降低贸易壁垒以及提供一 个平台让谈判的贸易。其主要使命是“确保贸易流通,平稳,尽可能自由化”。这个主要的任 务是在某些核心功能进一步细化服务和维护五个基本原则,这也是多边贸易体系的基础。在众多世贸组织的功能中,被分析师认为最重要的是:它监督实施,管理,操作覆盖协议。它提供了一个论坛来谈判和解决争议 此外,WTO 的义务是检查国家的贸易政策,过监视全球经济决策来确保贸易政策的连贯 性和透明度通。另一个世贸组织的优越性是他通过技术合作和 培训协助开发、靠租借发展 的和低收入国家过渡到适应 WTO 规则和纪律。WTO 也是一个经济研究和分析的中心:在 年度出版物及研究报告针对某特定主题制作的组织

19、定期评估全 球贸易的形势。最后,世界贸 易组织与布雷顿森林体系,国际货币基金组织和世界银 行有着密切的合作关系。准入和成员 每一个想要成为世贸组织的成员的国家他的申请都是独一无二 的,其准入的条款依赖 于国家的经济发展阶段和当前的贸易体制。这个过程平均而言 大约需要 5 年,但它可以变 长如果这个国家还没有完全致力于申请或有政治问题干涉。作 为典型的世贸组织程序,有 关各方面达成共识的机会只有一次 世贸组织有 151 个成员(几乎所有参与乌拉圭回合 谈判的 123 个国家都在其成立是签约,而 其余的国家通过申请获得会员)。27 个欧盟国家的代表也成为欧洲共同体。WTO 成员不需 要是拥有全部主

20、权的国家。相反,他们在外部商业关系中必须是一个完全拥有关税领土自治 的国家。大量的非成员国家已经在被世贸组织观察以及正在协 商他们成为成员国。除了宗 教,观察家们必须有着加入世贸组织五年从事观察的时 间。一些政府间国际组织也在获得观 察员的身份加入 WTO。14 个州和 2 个地区迄今为止还没有官方的互动来与 WTO 接轨。中国日益增长的全球经济一体化对国际贸易持续发展做出了积 极的贡献。它的出口已 经变得更多样化,而且更大的工业市场的渗透一直伴随 着中国从各地区激增的进口量-特别是亚洲,在那里中国对区域专业化起着日益重要的 作用。自 80 年代以来实施的关税改 革,以及在 2001 年 12 月 11 日加入世贸组织后，中国致力于产生深远的影响并具有挑战性 的改革。而持续实施这些承诺将进一步深化中国融入国际社会 进程和为合作国家提供利益。