句子结构和句子成分详细讲解、配套练习课件.pptx

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1、句子结构句子结构1.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语句子成分句子成分定义定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语主语（主语（subjectsubject）句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the pia

2、no.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）（句子）（句子）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成I saw the flag

3、on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词;He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing 补充：系动词补充：系动词1）状态系动词状态系动词（be动词）动词）例如：例如：He is a teacher.（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词持续系动词 keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand 例如：例如：He always kept sile

4、nt at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。3）表像系动词表像系动词 seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。他看起来很累。4）感官系动词感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,taste 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。这种布手感很软。注意：系动词不用于被动语态注意：系动词不用于被动语态.5）变化系动词变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：He became mad after that

5、.自那之后，他疯了。自那之后，他疯了。6）终止系动词终止系动词 prove,turn out,表达表达“证实证实”，“变成变成”之意之意例如：例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do you want?-I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They asked to see my passport.I enjoy working with you.Did you write do

6、wn what he said?（名词（名词）(代词）代词）(数词数词)(名词化的形容词名词化的形容词)(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.（四）表语（四）表语在

7、在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语1.The war was over.2.They seem to know the truth.3.Time is precious.4.Im not quite myself today.5.That remains a puzzle.6.I dont feel at ease.（五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54students in our class.Do

8、you known bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)定语后置：定语后置：如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。表示时，通常要前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置The girl in red is his sister.We h

9、ave a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?（六）状语（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up l

10、ate.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died,leaving him an orphan.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in spite of his illness.I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burnin

11、g?He made himself known to them.（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.She asked me to lend her a hand.基本句型基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千

12、）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：扩展、变化而来的：1）主）主+动（动（SV）例如：）例如：I work.我工作。我工作。2）主）主+动动+表（表（SVP）例如：）例如：John is busy.约翰忙。约翰忙。3）主）主+动动+宾（宾（SVO）例如：）例如：She studies English.她学英语。她学英语。4）主）主+动动+间宾间宾+直宾（直宾（SVIODO）例如：）例如：My mother bought me a new dress.我母亲我母亲给我买了一件新衣裳。给我买了一件新衣裳。5）

13、主）主+动动+宾宾+补（补（SVOC）例如：）例如：Running makes us strong.跑步让我们健康。跑步让我们健康。1.主主+动（动（SV）常见的）常见的不及物动词:rise wait sleep depend rain smile die walk dance 等等.例句例句:1)The sun has risen.太阳升起来了太阳升起来了.2)The red sun has risen in the east.鲜红的太阳在东方升起来了鲜红的太阳在东方升起来了.3)The boy is smiling.男孩在笑男孩在笑.4)The little boy is smiling

14、happily.这个小男孩在高兴地笑这个小男孩在高兴地笑.1.They are talking.()2.Betty looks very beautiful.()3.We call my pet Mimi.()4.The children were playing happily()5.Danny can swim.()6.He has gone.()7.The leaves is turning green.()8.Your room should keep clean.()2.主主+系系+表（表（SVP）1).本句型中的系动词和表语二者缺一不可本句型中的系动词和表语二者缺一不可.常见的系常

15、见的系动词有动词有:be,become,taste,get,grow,go,seem,look,feel 等等.系表结构表示主语的身份性质状态等。系表结构表示主语的身份性质状态等。例句例句:1)They are students.他们是学生他们是学生.2)The old men seem happy.这些老人看起来很幸福这些老人看起来很幸福.3)when spring comes,it gets warm.当春天来时当春天来时,天气会变暖天气会变暖.2)2)常见的作表语的词有名词和形容词常见的作表语的词有名词和形容词,其次是介词其次是介词短语和不定式短语动名词短语和不定式短语动名词,有些名词性

16、从句也可以有些名词性从句也可以作表语作表语.例句例句:The pretty girl looks happy.这个漂亮的女孩看起来很高兴这个漂亮的女孩看起来很高兴.She become a scientist.她成为一名科学家了她成为一名科学家了.This book is about learning English.这本书是关于学英语的这本书是关于学英语的.1.They are talking.()2.Betty looks very beautiful.()3.We call my pet Mimi.()4.The children were playing happily()5.Dann

17、y can swim.()6.He has gone.()7.The leaves is turning green.()8.Your room should keep clean.()3.3.主主 +动动 +宾（宾（SVO)SVO)常见的及物动词常见的及物动词:love say take sell know call order draw 等等.例句例句She is washing clothes.她在洗衣服她在洗衣服.I saw a beautiful girl.我看见一个漂亮的女孩我看见一个漂亮的女孩.Tom watches TV every evening.汤姆每天晚上看电视汤姆每天晚

18、上看电视.She doesnt like her brother.她不喜欢她哥哥她不喜欢她哥哥.Speak English,please.请讲英语请讲英语Will you help me?你会帮助我吗你会帮助我吗?Most of us enjoy English very much.我们中大多数人非常喜欢英语我们中大多数人非常喜欢英语1.I didint like tigers.()2.They haved already reached Beijing.()3.I read my son a story every night.()4.Danny sent his teacher some

19、beautiful flowers.()5.Jenny can sing the song.()6.My father bought me a new bike yesterday.()7.Are you reading newspapers?()8.I am going home.()4.主主+动动+宾宾+补（补（SVOC）常用的及物动词有）常用的及物动词有:call,find,get,keep,feel,see,hear,listen to,look at,have,make,let 等等.例句例句:We selected John our monitor.我们选约翰当我们的班长我们选约翰

20、当我们的班长.The sun keeps us warm.太阳使我们感到温暖太阳使我们感到温暖.He made the boy laugh.他使男孩笑了他使男孩笑了.He told me to come earlier.他让我早点来他让我早点来.The student keep their classroom clean.学生们保持教室干净学生们保持教室干净.A cold kept him in bed for three days.一次感冒让他卧床三天一次感冒让他卧床三天.5.主主+动动+间宾间宾+直宾（直宾（SVIODO）常接双宾语的动词）常接双宾语的动词:give,show,tell,t

21、each,pass,buy,lend1)英语中有些及物动词要求跟两个宾语英语中有些及物动词要求跟两个宾语(双宾语双宾语),即直接宾语和间即直接宾语和间接宾语接宾语.例句例句:My mother bought me a pen.我妈妈给我买了一支钢笔我妈妈给我买了一支钢笔.The clerk asked me my address and telephone number .那位职员问我的地址和电话号码那位职员问我的地址和电话号码.Please pass him the book.请把那本书递给他请把那本书递给他.2)2)一般情况下一般情况下,间接宾语位于直接宾语前间接宾语位于直接宾语前,但有时

22、但有时,间接宾语可置于直间接宾语可置于直接宾语后接宾语后,此时此时,间接宾语前要加间接宾语前要加toto或或for.for.例句例句:Mr Smith told me an interesting story.Mr Smith told an interesting story to me.史密斯先生给我讲了一个有趣的故事史密斯先生给我讲了一个有趣的故事.I bought her a beautiful skirt.I bought a beautiful skirt for her.我给她买了一件漂亮的裙子我给她买了一件漂亮的裙子.常接双宾语常接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语)

23、的动词的动词间宾前加间宾前加to的动词有的动词有:sell,feed,bring,read,pass,teach,give,take,show,send,tell,write,find,throw 间宾前加间宾前加for 的动词有的动词有:sing,make,get,buy,choose,return,cook,pick,order,call,leave,hand There be 句型句型There is a picture on the wall.There is a bag behind the chair.There are many books on the desk.There a

24、re many people in the hall.There+is/are+某物某物/人人+某地某地某地有某物或某人某地有某物或某人“有有,存在存在”There is a dog in the room.There are two dogs in the room.There beThere be句型中的句型中的bebe动词要和后面离得最近的主语在数上动词要和后面离得最近的主语在数上保持一致保持一致（1）如果句子的主语是单数可数名词或不可数名词时，如果句子的主语是单数可数名词或不可数名词时，be动词就用动词就用is.如：There is a table in the room.房间里有一张

25、桌子。房间里有一张桌子。There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点水。瓶子里有一点水。（2）如果句子的主语是复数名词时，）如果句子的主语是复数名词时，be动词就用动词就用are。如。如：There are some pencils on the chair.椅子上有一些铅笔椅子上有一些铅笔就近原则就近原则（3）如果有两个或两个以上的主语时，如果有两个或两个以上的主语时，be动词要和动词要和最靠近它的那个主语最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致。在数上保持一致。如：There is a pen and some books on the desk.书桌上

26、有一支钢笔和一些书。There are some books and a pen on the desk.书桌上有一些书和一支钢笔。There is/are-的否定句is/areis/are后加后加not,not,肯定句中的肯定句中的somesome变变anyanyThere is a beautiful flower on the desk.There is not a beautiful flower on the table.There is some water in the bottle.There isnt any water in the bottle.There is/are-

27、的一般疑问句 is/areis/are要提前要提前,some,some 变变any,any,其他都不变其他都不变There is a radio on the desk.(一般疑问句)Is there a radio on the desk?Yes,there is./No,there isntThere are some shoes under the bed.（一般疑问句）Are there any shoes under the bed?Yes,there are./No,there arent.练习：练习：用be的适当形式填空。1.There _a map on the wall.2.

28、There _many things on her desk.3.There _twenty yuan in my purse.4.There _a big dog and a small cat near the table.5.There _two bikes under the tree.6.There _a pen,two pencils and an eraser in the pencil-box.练习练习:下列句子分别属于哪一句型下列句子分别属于哪一句型.A.A.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语(+(+状语状语)B.B.主语主语+谓语谓语(+(+状语状语)C.C.主语主语+谓语谓

29、语+宾语宾语(+(+状语状语)D.D.主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语(+(+状语状语)E.E.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(+(+状语状语)()1.The flower smells sweet.()2.I visited my teacher last Sunday.()3.They are dancing.()4.Mrs.Black helped his son brush his teeth.()5.Jenny bought a watch for him.()6.His mother sent him a new watch.()7.I o

30、ften hear her sing in the next room()8.The girl opened the door.()9.Mary and Lynn live in Taiyuan.()10.She looks like her mother.()11.You should study hard.()12.The children play football on the playground every afternoon.()13.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.()14.We painted the wall white.(

31、)15.He asked me to go swimming with him.()16.On Sunday many people have a walk in the park.()17.Miss zhang has taught us maths for two years.()18.Tom and John are the best students in our class.()19.He did everything to help the poor.()20.She asked me my telephone number.1.He feels disappointed.2.I

32、love operas.3.She always tells me jokes.4.The children cried and shouted every day.5.The smiling faces of his children made him happy again.6.She is quiet and shy.7.My father bought me a useful dictionary.8.Mrs.Von Trapp died.9.She taught the children to sing lively songs and perform short and funny

33、 plays to cheer them up.10.You may become unhappy sometimes.Read and find out the structures of the following sentences.S+VS+V+OS+V+PS+V+O+OCS+V+PS+V+IO+DOS+VS+V+IO+DOS+V+IO+DOS+V+PWhich of the following situations make you sad(S),happy(H),worried(W)or afraid(A)?Discuss your feelings in groups.1.You

34、r father is ill in bed.2.Your team won a basketball game again.3.Your friend fell off her bike.4.Your father bought you a new computer.5.You see a snake lying on the road.6.There is so much homework on the weekend.4aWHSHAW仁爱八年英语第18页 Study the following sentence structures.Then match them with the se

35、ntences in 4a.4ba.S+V+IO+DO()b.There be ()c.S+V ()d.S+V+O ()e.S+V+P ()f.S+V+O+OC()463215Look at the pictures and make up sentences.Then decide which sentence structures they belong to.21.aunt,find,passport,my,her,cant2.all day,the boss,the workers,makes,work3.near,my house,is,a river,there_My aunt c

36、ant find her passport.S+V+OThe boss makes the workers work all day.S+V+O+OCThere is a river near my house.There be4.green,the trees,turn25.flying,birds,some,are happily6.wants,her grandson,a present,to buy,she_The trees turn green.S+V+PSome birds are flying happily.S+V She wants to buy her grandson a present.S+V+IO+DO