FORMALANDINFORMAL正式与非正式英文.pptx

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1、会计学1FORMAL AND INFORMAL正式正式(zhngsh)与非正式与非正式(zhngsh)英文英文第一页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal Formal and informal words and/or language of English should both be learned.Formal language is usually used in term papers,research papers,reports,memos,minutes of meeting,and business letters etc,

2、in which case,formal style of language should be used.Formal language is sometimes called written or academic language.第1页/共32页第二页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal On the other hands,informal writing assumes a personal stance.It suggest close connections among writer,reader,and subject.In

3、formal writing is usually used in daily conversations,notes,messages,personal letters,postcards etc.第2页/共32页第三页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal The English that you should use when writing a paper or thesis should be formal(like a legal document)but also clear(unlike a legal document).Th

4、ere are certain things that can be done in spoken English or in written English in newspapers,magazines,or lecture notes which are not appropriate for formal writing.第3页/共32页第四页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n1.Dont start a sentence with And,Also,But,So,Or,Even so.Instead use In addit

5、ion,However,Hence,Consequently,Alternatively,Nevertheless.n n2.Dont start a sentence with Therefore.Instead write,for example,We therefore.n n3.Dont start a sentence with Then or Now unless it is a command.第4页/共32页第五页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n4.Dont use dont,4.Dont use dont,or a

6、ny other shortened or any other shortened negative such as isnt,hasnt,wasnt,etc.negative such as isnt,hasnt,wasnt,etc.Use does not,is not,etc.instead.Use does not,is not,etc.instead.n n5.Generally try to avoid s.5.Generally try to avoid s.E.g.E.g.n nInstead of the wavefronts curvature use either the

7、 Instead of the wavefronts curvature use either the curvature of the wavefront or the wavefront curvature of the wavefront or the wavefront curvature.curvature.n nBut,there are exceptions to this.e.g.But,there are exceptions to this.e.g.n ntodays stock market prices is better than the stock todays s

8、tock market prices is better than the stock market prices of today.market prices of today.第5页/共32页第六页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal 6.Dont use!or&or/.It is also very unusual to see?in a paper.Dont put questions in a paper unless you really know what you are doing.第6页/共32页第七页，共32页。Forma

9、l and informalFormal and informaln n7.Dont use e.g.or i.e.or etc.n n8.When referring to the number of countable objects,use words rather than figures when the amount is less than twenty.E.g.Dont write we used 3 methods-instead write we used three methods.n n9.Dont use OK.Use acceptably,permissible,s

10、atisfactory,etc instead.第7页/共32页第八页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n10.Dont use got.Instead use obtained.10.Dont use got.Instead use obtained.n n11.If you can,try to use the passive voice for11.If you can,try to use the passive voice for occasionallyoccasionally when describing your re

11、sults.Using when describing your results.Using we in every sentence is a bit boring.we in every sentence is a bit boring.n n12.List things properly using and between the last 12.List things properly using and between the last two items.two items.n nE.g.Dont do we used three methods A,B,C.;E.g.Dont d

12、o we used three methods A,B,C.;Instead,write either we used three methods:A,Instead,write either we used three methods:A,B,and C.or we used three methods,namely,A,B,and C.or we used three methods,namely,A,B,B,andand C.C.第8页/共32页第九页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal 13.13.Do not use first-p

13、erson pronounsDo not use first-person pronouns(I,me,(I,me,my,we,us,etc.).Try to avoid I think that,I my,we,us,etc.).Try to avoid I think that,I believe that,or in my opinion.Simply delete these believe that,or in my opinion.Simply delete these expressions from sentences,and you will be left with exp

14、ressions from sentences,and you will be left with stronger sentences.stronger sentences.ExampleExampleI think that this character is confused.I think that this character is confused.This character is confused.This character is confused.(The second sentence is less wordy,sounds more(The second senten

15、ce is less wordy,sounds more formal,and conveys a more confident tone.)formal,and conveys a more confident tone.)第9页/共32页第十页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal One,the reader,readers,the viewer,or similar terms are sometimes effective to replace“I,We”ExampleI can sense the characters confus

16、ion.Readers can sense the characters confusion.第10页/共32页第十一页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n13.Avoid addressing readers as you.13.Avoid addressing readers as you.n nAddressing readers using second-person pronouns Addressing readers using second-person pronouns(you,your)can make an ess

17、ay sound informal(you,your)can make an essay sound informal and can bring assumptions into an essay that are and can bring assumptions into an essay that are not true.not true.Example:Example:If you wear a tube top,guys might think that you are If you wear a tube top,guys might think that you are ea

18、sy.I wondered why the student would think that I,easy.I wondered why the student would think that I,a male,would wear a tube top.As with first-person a male,would wear a tube top.As with first-person pronouns,second-person pronouns can be replaced pronouns,second-person pronouns can be replaced by w

19、ords such as one,the reader,readers,and by words such as one,the reader,readers,and the viewer.the viewer.第11页/共32页第十二页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n14.Avoid the use of contractions.14.Avoid the use of contractions.n nContractions are shortened versions of words that use Contraction

20、s are shortened versions of words that use apostrophes in place of letters,such as cant,isnt,apostrophes in place of letters,such as cant,isnt,shes,and wouldnt.The more formal,non-shes,and wouldnt.The more formal,non-contracted versions are cannot,is not,she is,and contracted versions are cannot,is

21、not,she is,and would not.would not.n nExampleExampleThe character isnt aware that hes surrounded by people The character isnt aware that hes surrounded by people he cant trust.he cant trust.The character is not aware that he is surrounded by The character is not aware that he is surrounded by people

22、 he cannot trust.people he cannot trust.第12页/共32页第十三页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n15.Avoid colloquialism and slang expressions.n nColloquial diction is informal language used in everyday speech and includes such words as guys,yeah,stuff,kind of,okay,and big deal.Highly informal dic

23、tion,such as freak out and dissing,falls into the category of slang.第13页/共32页第十四页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln nWhile slang words often are vivid and expressive,While slang words often are vivid and expressive,slang comes and goes quickly,another reason why slang comes and goes quick

24、ly,another reason why slang should be avoided in formal writing.Both slang should be avoided in formal writing.Both colloquialism and slang expressions convey an colloquialism and slang expressions convey an informal tone and should be avoided in formal informal tone and should be avoided in formal

25、writing.writing.n nExampleExampleThe guy was nailed for ripping off a liquor store.The guy was nailed for ripping off a liquor store.The man was convicted of robbing a liquor store.The man was convicted of robbing a liquor store.第14页/共32页第十五页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n16.Avoid ab

26、breviated versions of words.n nFor example,instead of writing photo,phone and TV,write photograph,telephone,and television.第15页/共32页第十六页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln n17.Avoid the overuse of short and simple 17.Avoid the overuse of short and simple sentences.sentences.n nWhile the wr

27、iter might use formal diction in such While the writer might use formal diction in such sentences,too many short and simple sentences can sentences,too many short and simple sentences can make an essay sound informal,as if the writer is not make an essay sound informal,as if the writer is not recogn

28、izing that the audience is capable of reading recognizing that the audience is capable of reading and understanding more complex and longer and understanding more complex and longer sentences.Short and simple sentences can be used sentences.Short and simple sentences can be used effectively in forma

29、l writing,but heavy reliance on effectively in formal writing,but heavy reliance on such sentences reflects poorly on the writer and gives such sentences reflects poorly on the writer and gives the writing an informal tone.the writing an informal tone.第16页/共32页第十七页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and

30、 informalIn the following pages,you will find how the rules above can be effective in actual writing.第17页/共32页第十八页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informaln nDictionDictionFormal words:InformalFormal words:Informaln nIndustrial action strikeIndustrial action striken nindustrial accident accident

31、industrial accident accident n nProstitute,sex workers street girlsProstitute,sex workers street girlsn nrehabilitate better/improverehabilitate better/improven nEndeavour tryEndeavour tryn nConstruct buildConstruct buildn nDeem thinkDeem thinkn nEnd conclude,End conclude,terminate terminate 第18页/共3

32、2页第十九页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informalExamples:Examples:1.1.They They are going toare going to be on be on strikestrike tomorrow.tomorrow.They are schedule to undergo an industrial action tomorrow.They are schedule to undergo an industrial action tomorrow.2.The forecaster 2.The forecaste

33、r saidsaid that it that it was going towas going to rain in afternoon.rain in afternoon.The forecaster reported the possibility of raining tomorrow.Or The forecaster reported the possibility of raining tomorrow.Or The forecaster The forecaster reportedreported a possible rain tomorrow.a possible rai

34、n tomorrow.3.They are not 3.They are not going well withgoing well with their research because they their research because they do do not have enoughnot have enough fund.fund.They can not carry on their research due to They can not carry on their research due to unavailabilityunavailability of of su

35、fficientsufficient fund.fund.第19页/共32页第二十页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal4.The accident happened 4.The accident happened asas he he knew littleknew little about managing the machine.about managing the machine.The accident occurred as a result of his ignorance about the management of the

36、 The accident occurred as a result of his ignorance about the management of the machine.machine.5.A computer5.A computer has has a CPU,a monitor,a keyboard,a CD-ROM,a mouse and other a CPU,a monitor,a keyboard,a CD-ROM,a mouse and other parts.parts.A computer consists of a CPU,a monitor,a keyboard,a

37、 CD-ROM,a A computer consists of a CPU,a monitor,a keyboard,a CD-ROM,a mouse and other peripheries.mouse and other peripheries.6.6.There has beenThere has been great changes in China over the past twenty years.great changes in China over the past twenty years.China witnesses tremendous changes over

38、the past two decades.China witnesses tremendous changes over the past two decades.7.The meeting was 7.The meeting was ended ended after Mr.Mayor had his last speech.after Mr.Mayor had his last speech.The meeting The meeting concluded concluded with Mr.Mayors speech.with Mr.Mayors speech.第20页/共32页第二十

39、一页，共32页。DictionDiction-Formal and informal-Formal and informalThe above all bring to our awareness of the following skills in The above all bring to our awareness of the following skills in formal writing work.The following may be some useful formal writing work.The following may be some useful guid

40、elines when you need to write formally.At this stage,guidelines when you need to write formally.At this stage,we at least shouldwe at least should1.1.avoid using avoid using weak wordsweak words and phrasesand phrases such as such as have/has,be,have/has,be,there be,do,take,make,lie,be going to,thin

41、k,give,put,go,will,there be,do,take,make,lie,be going to,think,give,put,go,will,would do(not)and so on.would do(not)and so on.2.2.Avoid using hesitation fillers such as er,Avoid using hesitation fillers such as er,um,well,you seeum,well,you see etc.etc.3.3.Avoid pronoun Avoid pronoun I,we,you,heI,we

42、,you,he with the exception of it.with the exception of it.4.4.Try to use Try to use strong words strong words(some of them are quite formal)(some of them are quite formal).5.5.Use short words or phrase unless long one are more Use short words or phrase unless long one are more appropriate.appropriat

43、e.declare -make a declaration,later subsequently(declare -make a declaration,later subsequently(click click for examplesfor examples.See more in the Word document).See more in the Word document)第21页/共32页第二十二页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal EX:EX:Replace the red colored words with formal

44、 words(note that you need Replace the red colored words with formal words(note that you need to develop the awareness of using formal words in your academic to develop the awareness of using formal words in your academic writing).writing).1.1.Mr.Hunter was generous enough to Mr.Hunter was generous e

45、nough to givegive a hundred a hundred thousand dollars to the flood affected residents.thousand dollars to the flood affected residents.2.2.Tom just Tom just walked aroundwalked around the shops without buying anything.the shops without buying anything.3.3.We have We have gottengotten big big help f

46、rom the travel agency.help from the travel agency.(refref)第22页/共32页第二十三页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informal4.I cant speak well because my English is poor.4.I cant speak well because my English is poor.I cant communicate well because of my limited English.I cant communicate well because of m

47、y limited English.5.Mary would not agree with what you thought.5.Mary would not agree with what you thought.Mary is in disagreement with your views.Mary is in disagreement with your views.6.I would like to ask you to send the goods in time.6.I would like to ask you to send the goods in time.I would

48、advise that you deliver/dispatch the commodity timely.I would advise that you deliver/dispatch the commodity timely.oror It is advised that you deliver/dispatch the commodity timely It is advised that you deliver/dispatch the commodity timely(refref)第23页/共32页第二十四页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and

49、informal8.He thinks every student should come to class in time.8.He thinks every student should come to class in time.9.According to Dr.Davidsons report,there are 0.5%percent 9.According to Dr.Davidsons report,there are 0.5%percent people dying from lung cancer this year.people dying from lung cance

50、r this year.10.More and more people are suffering from the fumes made by 10.More and more people are suffering from the fumes made by automobiles.automobiles.(refref)第24页/共32页第二十五页，共32页。Formal and informalFormal and informalUse short wordsUse short words11.The film show terminated at 9 p.m.11.The fi