(首字母缩写词.ppt

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1、English in a changing world The Second Year Pack English in a changing worldbbWang Contents1 Changing English in a Changing World:An Overview2 English in the Past3 The Spread of English Beyond Britain4 Socal varieties of English5 Trade Within and Across Language Barriers6 Changing English since the

2、Sencond World War7 Emerging New Englishes:A Focus for Debate8 English in a Shrinking World Changing Eglish in a Changing World:An OverviewAt the end of this unit,you should be able to do the following things,or do them better than you can nowexplain why languages change as people changerecognise and

3、 describe examples of changeunderstand some of the special English vocabulary used in talking about languageexplain what is meant by varieties of EnglishUnit One Changing English in a Changing World:An OverviewDifficult Points:Difficult Points:Differences among languages,dialects,and accents Activit

4、y 1 Language Change and Language UseTask 11.Languages change with time;2.The number of languages in the world is 4000-5000;3.No one can give a more exact number because(a)the number depends on what counts as a dialect and what counts as a language;(b)some languages have disappeared,and we know nothi

5、ng about them;4.When we speak of languages as living or dead,we use a metaphor(暗喻).Task 2Finding out How Language Changes in the Life of an Individual PersonIdiolect your own individual languageTask 3Analysing the Meaning of“Living”and“Dead”LanguageTim doesnt like learning Latin because 1 there is t

6、oo much homework to do 2 it is hard to remember all the new vocabulary 3 there are no speakers of Latin to talk to 4 there seem to be no interesting things to read in LatinSummary1.All the languages we know about change with time.2.There are,at present,between 4000 and 5000 languages in use in the w

7、orld.3.Just how many languages,depends what counts as a language and what counts as a variety or dialect.4.Your individual language changes with age too.5.Older people usually dislike the changes they notice.6.We need to be careful about talking about language as if it were a living thing.Historical

8、 variation the variation of a language over timeActivity 2 Variation in English Different PlacesTask 1Regional variation varieties of English in different placesTask 2Standard English written EnglishReceived Pronunciation RP,BBC EnglishNetwork English Educated American EnglishNot all varieties of En

9、glish are equally important,or important in the same way.Task 3Learners want to learn to read and to write Standard English for international use.They want to speak and understand English that approximates to Educated British or to Educated American English.Very few of them want to sound like native

10、 speakers,but they do want to sound like competent users of an international language.Summary1.There are different varieties of English that is spoken and understood in different parts of the world.These are regional varieties or regional dialects.2.Both native speakers and second language users of

11、English find some of these hard to understand.The English of writing Standard English is similar throughout the English speaking world.3.Two varieties Educated British and Educated American English are widely taught and learned.They are used and understood wherever English is in use.4.There is no si

12、ngle Authority for the use of English.Activity 3 Observing Vocabulary Change in EnglishTask 1Developing Awareness of New VocabularyChange in language matches change in peoples lives.Task 2Where do new words come from?1.Pronouncing the initial(首个)letters of several words,which form the word acronym(首

13、字母缩写词，比如TOEFL).2.English borrows words from other languages.3.Old words are used with new meanings.Task 3Undersdanding“borrowing”between LanguagesSummary1.By studying texts you can observe change in English as it happens.2.New words are invented,or borrowed to match new meanings.Or old words are use

14、d with new meanings.3.Words in use are dropped when they are no longer needed.4.The rate of change in language is uneven.5.As people grow older,they notice change and they often dont like it.In fact the rate of change is not so fast that people living at the same time fail to understand each other.A

15、ctivity 4 Languages and Dialects in the United KingdomTask 1Comparing Scale and Distance in the British Isles and China Task 2Languages used in Britain:English all over the kingdom,about 55 million people use it all the timeWelsh still used in WalesGaelic used in Scotland and IrelandSome other langu

16、ages like Polish and Indian subcontinentBilingual,bi-dialectalTask 3A language is the major means of human communication:There are usually reckoned to be about 5000 languages in use in the world.Only some of these have a writing system.A dialect is a variety of a language but there is no sure way to

17、 tell a different language from a different dialect.The term accent has to do only with the sounds of speech.Summary1.Compared with China,England is a small country.2.Communications are good,and it is usually possible to reach every part of it quickly.3.You might expect to find that the same languag

18、e is spoken in a very similar way in different parts but you would be wrong.4.There are many different languages spoken by minorities in the United Kingdom.5.English is spoken in different parts in very different ways that is,there are many regional dialects.6.Regional dialects generally are not so

19、well respected as the Standard English you have studied.7.Most native speakers can understand several dialects and have difficulty with others.Activity 5 Experiencing Some Regional Varieties of EnglishTask 1Introduction to a Rather Different Sort of ActivityTask 2Studying the same Text First in Stan

20、dard English and Then in Four Regional Varieties Task 3Listening to regional varieties Task 4Investigating some Practical Applications of This ActivitySummary1.Only some speakers in each of these places speaks in this way all the time.Some can speak in this way when they want to and quite differentl

21、y when they choose.They are bi-dialectal.2.The speakers who use only the accents you heard tend to be the older and the less well educated people in the community.3.This Activity should show you that the English you study is only one variety among many but it is a uniquely important one.Key Points:K

22、ey Points:Identify the place of English among other related languages Identify Standard English among other varieties Understand and explain what is meant by structural differences among languages Understand and explain how users of English as a second language can use knowledge abut English Difficu

23、lt Points:Difficult Points:English differs at different times Language families Bi-dialectal UNIT 2English in the PastThis uint tells something about the past history of English.Just as English is different in different places so it varies at different times.There are historical dialects just as the

24、re are regional dialects.Language is shaped by the experiences of the people who use it and changes with their changing needs.we shall start with a look at the English of some past timesand then move further back in time to see how English came to be spoken ni the United Kingdom,and how it is nearly

25、 related to some languages and only distantly related,or not related at all,to others.this sort of study may seem at first sight a long way removed from everyday concerns,But it is closely connected with a pressing problemfor all students and teathers of languagesWhy is it that languageare so much h

26、arder for some learners than they seem to be for others?The English Language And Its History:How has history been responsible for the distribution and the change of the English language throughout the U.K.?What do you know?What do you know?Historic Origins Of English:The Angles;Saxons And Jutes:Some

27、 confusing conceptsScandinavian invasionsGermanic invasionGermanic group(branch)VikingEnglish Language Style And Variation 13th To 18th Centuries How can we tell,by comparing these four language examples of the 13th to the 18th centuries,that the English language has altered over this period?In pair

28、s(using these examples)list ways in which the English language seems to have changed over this 500 year period.(15 minutes)Language FamiliesUnit 2:Activity 2 Task 1(pp 64-66)The Indo-European family(the Aryan family)The Sino-Tibetan familyThe Indo-European familyEnglishEnglish,SpanishSpanish,FrenchF

29、rench,GermanGerman,RussianRussian,PortuguesePortuguese,HindiHindi,GermanGerman,BengaliBengali LatinLatin,GreekGreek,PersianPersian,SanskritSanskritThe Indo-European familyThe Celtic Branch The Germanic Branch The Latin Branch The Slavic Branch The Baltic Branch The Hellenic Branch The Illyric Branch

30、 The English Language And the Romans:Unit 2:Activity 2 Tasks 1-2(pp64-67)What are some of the Latin root forms that Tim and Mrs Robinson discussed?What English words do you know that have these roots?What Do These Words Mean?proficient;progress;subtitle;subscriberanticlockwise;antisocial;antenna;ant

31、enatal;transit;transparent;intervene;interracialThe Conquest of Britain and Change on Englishwhenwhenwhowhowhere fromwhere fromBC 1st C-AD BC 1st C-AD 5th C5th CRomansRomansMediterraneanMediterraneanAD 5th C.AD-AD 5th C.AD-8th&9th C8th&9th CScandinavians-Scandinavians-Angles,Saxons,Angles,Saxons,Jut

32、esJutesNorth WestNorth WestEuropeEuropeAD 11th CAD 11th CNorman Norman FrenchFrenchNormandyNormandyExamples of English Changedoor,gate,portal,entrance,exit,cottage,hut,cabin,palace,mansion,villago up,rise,ascend,mount,climbEnglishhasarichstoreofvocabularythatoriginatesinAncientGreekandLatinand,morer

33、ecently,inFrench.GreekgivesEnglishwordslikepolitics,telephone,ecologyanddrama,whileLatinisrEnglishhasarichstoreofvocabularythatoriginatesinAncientGreekandLatinand,morerecently,inFrench.GreekgivesEnglishwordslikepolitics,telephone,ecologyanddrama,whileLatinisresponsibleforagriculture,family,orderanda

34、mbulance.WordsderivedfromFrenchincludedisease,patrol,riotandbasket.AsamemberoftheGermanicfamilyoflanguages,EnglishclearlyhasnumerouswordsofGermanicorigin,examplesbeinghouse,honey,halfandhair.esponsibleforagriculture,family,orderandambulance.WordsderivedfromFrenchincludedisease,patrol,riotandbasket.A

35、samemberoftheGermanicfamilyoflanguages,EnglishclearlyhasnumerouswordsofGermanicorigin,examplesbeinghouse,honey,halfandhair.Standard English:Where did it start?Unit 2:Activity 3 Tasks 1-3(pp74-82)How and where did SE originate?Why was the 15th century responsible for the rapid spread of the English l

36、anguage?An important concept:Standard English is written English.It has a grammatical systemIt has a formal lexicon(vocabulary)It is used internationallyIt changes slowlyIt has prestigeSome Definitions:Unit 2:Activity 3 Task 4(pp79-83)First printing pressBi-dialectal means Bilingual means Some Defin

37、itions:First printing press set up in 1475 by William Caxton Bi-dialectal means having two dialectsBilingual means having two languagesThe English Lexicon:Unit 2:Activity 4 Tasks 1-4（pp84-92)How large is English vocabulary?What is the difference between a receptive and productive vocabulary?What is

38、the difference between a synonym and an antonym?Class Discussion(10 minutes)Class Discussion(10 minutes)The English Lexicon:Some put the number as low as 50,000 and other as high as 250,000 words.Receptive vocabulary is the words you use for listening and reading.Productive vocabulary is the words y

39、ou use for speaking and writing.A synonym is a word which means the same as another word.The antonym of a word is another word which means the opposite.Received Pronunciation:What Is It?Unit 2:Activity 5 Tasks 1-3(pp92-98)What is RP and how did it originate?Explain the difference between RP and SE.C

40、omparing RP and SE,how might these change over time?Small group discussions(10 minutesSmall group discussions(10 minutesReceived Pronunciation:A DefinitionReceived Pronunciation is a widely accepted English speaking accent which has prestige and is used as a model of good spoken English throughout t

41、he world.BBC EnglishEducated English(post 19th century)Teaching And Learning:Unit 2:Activity 5 Tasks 4(pp98-99)Teaching MethodologiesTeaching MethodologiesProductive TeachingProductive TeachingDescriptive TeachingDescriptive TeachingPrescriptive TeachingPrescriptive TeachingAbility to Speak/ReadLear

42、ning Beyond LanguageMarking and CorrectingSustainsstudentmotivationReview:Today we have:In Unit 1:Seen how language changes over timeUnderstood how and why language varies by regionUnderstood what is Standard EnglishDifferentiated between dialects and accentsIn Unit 2:Reviewed and under-stood the hi

43、storic origins of the English languageExamined some words and their Latin originsCompared&understood the difference between SE and RPEstablished what our motivations are as learners of English At the end of This Unit you should be able to do-or do better-the followinggive examples of national and in

44、ternational languagesexplain how it happened that English came to be widely used as a second language and some of the different ways in which it is usedunderstand the advantages of invented languagesfor international use and some of the reasons for their failureexplain the uses of this information t

45、o teathers and students of English Unit Three The Spread of English Beyond BritainDifficult Points:Difficult Points:The international role of standard English English and education in India The beginnings of Australia as a penal English as a global language for an information age Activity 1National

46、Boundaries and National Attitudes.Some distinctions between languages of different kinds.1.Regional languages languages used only in a restricted area.2.National languages languages used within national boundaries.3.International languages languages used outside national boundaries.4.Global language

47、s languages used for communication world wide.Task 1Language attitude how people feel about a languageEnglish is one of several international languages.Because there are only superficial differences in its written system worldwide,it is thus possible for it to have become the global language.There a

48、re very many languages in the world but English is predominant.How does this happen?It is necessary to look back into the historyTask 2.Standard English works on writing.Task 3A language is not just an intellectual and rational matter,it is also an emotional issue.The Spanish Government tried to sta

49、mp out Basque between the years 1937 and the 1950s.They stopped its use in Education.Inscriptions were removed.Books in Basque were burnt.The two languages named in the bill before Parliament were Hindi and English.The crowd were demonstrating against the use of English.Summary 1.English is one of s

50、everal international languages,but it is the only language used worldwide,in places where there were never colonial settlements.2.The fact that Standard English varies only in superficial ways in different places makes its global use possible.3.Governments sometimes try to bring about language chang