太空生存太空生存太空生存 (21).pdf

《太空生存太空生存太空生存 (21).pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《太空生存太空生存太空生存 (21).pdf（8页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、A high-performance ground-based prototype of horn-typesequential vegetable production facility for life support system in spaceYuming Fua,1,Hui Liua,1,Lingzhi Shaoa,1,Minjuan Wanga,Yu A.Berkovichb,A.N.Erokhinb,Hong Liua,aLaboratory of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,School of Biolo

2、gical Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,ChinabState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation,Institute for Biomedical Problems,Moscow 123007,RussiaReceived 28 November 2012;received in revised form 4 February 2013;accepted 14 March 2013Available online 27 March 201

3、3AbstractVegetable cultivation plays a crucial role in dietary supplements and psychosocial benefits of the crew during manned space flight.Here we developed a ground-based prototype of horn-type sequential vegetable production facility,named Horn-type Producer(HTP),which was capable of simulating t

4、he microgravity effect and the continuous cultivation of leafvegetables on root modules.The growth chamber of the facility had a volume of 0.12 m3,characterized by a three-stage space expansion with plant growth.Theplanting surface of 0.154 m2was comprised of six ring-shaped root modules with a fibr

5、ous ion-exchange resin substrate.Root moduleswere fastened to a central porous tube supplying water,and moved forward with plant growth.The total illuminated crop area of0.567 m2was provided by a combination of red and white light emitting diodes on the internal surfaces.In tests with a 24-h photope

6、riod,the productivity of the HTP at 0.3 kW for lettuce achieved 254.3 g eatable biomass per week.Long-term operation of the HTP did notalter vegetable nutrition composition to any great extent.Furthermore,the efficiency of the HTP,based on the Q-criterion,was7?10?4g2m?3J?1.These results show that th

7、e HTP exhibited high productivity,stable quality,and good efficiency in the processof planting lettuce,indicative of an interesting design for space vegetable production.?2013 COSPAR.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Ground-based prototype;Horn-type;Vegetable sequential producti

8、on;Life support system1.IntroductionVegetable cultivation plays an essential role for the lifesupport system.In the controlled ecological life supportsystem(CELSS)required by long-duration future habita-tion of space involving great distances from Earth and/orlarge crew sizes(e.g.,lunar outpost,Mars

9、 base),vegetablesas a part of autotrophic creatures can regenerate oxygenand food,while removing carbon dioxide and purifyingwaste water for human life(Mitchell,1994;Tong et al.,2011a;Wheeler,2006).In the physical/chemical life sup-port system of the international space station(ISS)andon Martian spa

10、cecraft,vegetables are mainly used toenhance the diet diversity of crew and satisfy needs withfresh vitamins and rough dietary fibers(Berkovich et al.,2009;Kliss et al.,2000).Meanwhile,feeding vegetables ofantioxidant-rich has been proposed a potential counter-measure of mitigating deleterious effec

11、ts produced by spaceradiation on crew(Levine and Pare,2009;Smith andZwart,2008).Except for diet significance,cultivation veg-etable was also regarded as an attractive alternative toimprove living environment conditions onboard and pro-vide a psychological benefit for crew(Kim et al.,2004a).The idea

12、of onboard cultivation of salad-type vegetablesfor crew consumption was proposed as a first step ofCELSS applied to space enclosed environment(Kliss0273-1177/$36.00?2013 COSPAR.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.020Corresponding author.Tel.:+86 10 82

13、339837;fax:+86 10 82339283.E-mail address:LH(H.Liu).1These authors contributed equally to this online at Advances in Space Research 52(2013)97104et al.,2000;Wheeler,2009).Over the past few decades,many researchers have pursued development of salad-typevegetable production facility onboard(Berkovich

14、et al.,2004b;Morrow et al.,2005).A small salad machine namedLada,was successfully installed in ISS to provide an occa-sional vegetable food and a source of recreation(Sychevet al.,2007).However,the vegetable production facilityproviding and maintaining a large continuous fresh pro-duce to meet the d

15、aily vegetable needs of multi-crew,hasnot been established due to resource limitation.In thedevelopment of vegetable production facility in space,increasing production efficiency per unit of consumableresources(power,volume,crew labor,etc.)is one of themost critical issues.The purpose of this work w

16、as to designa new prototype of vegetable production facility withenhanced efficiency,and to estimate its vegetable productquality under long-term operation.Here,we developed a horn-type sequential vegetableproduction facility with high-efficiency,named Horn-typeProducer(HTP).The facility shows promi

17、se for the devel-opment of vegetable cultivation facility similar to the HTPas an effective option for providing continuous vegetableproduct to future space mission.2.Construction and operation of the HTP2.1.Configurations of the HTPThe HTP comprises four major components:(1)growthchamber,(2)root mo

18、dules,(3)light subsystem,and(4)water supply subsystem(Fig.1).The facility provides light-ing,water and nutrient delivery for vegetable cultivation,but utilizes the cabin environment for temperature controland as a source of CO2to minimize complexity and powerrequirements.General specifications for t

19、he HTP wereshown in Table 1.Prior studies demonstrated that the efficiency of volumeand power utilization by the cylindrical cropping area washigher than that of flat cropping area(Berkovich,2000;Berkovich et al.,2004a).Therefore,the plant growth cham-ber and planting surface were designed with two

20、coaxialcylinders in the HTP.The diameter,length and volumeof plant growth chamber were 61 cm,42 cm and 0.12 m3,respectively.The cylindrical planting surface(0.154 m2)was comprised of six identical ring-shaped root modulesfastened to a central porous tube supplying water.Theplanting cylinder with cen

21、tral porous tube had outer diam-eter of 15 cm,and could rotate around a horizontal axisapart from growth chamber.The ring-shaped root module was made of two identicalsemicircular parts,with each containing an upper lid and abottom bracket of stainless steel(Fig.2).A gap in width of1.5 cm was punched

22、 on the lid to sow vegetable seeds.Fourgaps(each of 1 cm width)were punched on the bottombracket to ensure that the water in the central porous tubecould be absorbed by a fibrous ion-exchange resin artificialsoil BIONA-V3 between the lid and bracket.A water-swelling material was placed under artific

23、ial soil BIONA-V3 to guarantee water or nutrition solution supply fromcentral porous tube.As reported earlier,the BIONA-V3substrate possessed the hydro-physical and chemical qual-Fig.1.General view of the HTP:(A)closed,(B)opened.Table 1Technical specifications for the HTP.ParametersValueDiameter of

24、the growth chamber(cm)61Length of the growth chamber(cm)42Planting area(m2)0.154Total illuminated crop area(m2)0.567Volume of growth chamber(m3)0.12Number of root module6Characteristics of light sourceRed LED(660 nm),White LED(2700 K)Number of LED(pcs)Red:872White:694Average PAR(lmol m?2s?1)350 50Nu

25、mber of fans8Total power demand(KW)0.308Power demand without rotation(KW)0.28398Y.Fu et al./Advances in Space Research 52(2013)97104ities of delivering nutrients,water and oxygen into plantroots under microgravity during long-term plant growth(Erokhin et al.,2006).The lighting subsystem for growing

26、plants needs to belightweight,reliable and durable.Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)meet these characteristics.The combination ofred(600700 nm)and blue(400500 nm)LEDs was provento be an effective light resource for many crops in con-trolled environment(Goins et al.,1997;Kim et al.,2004b;Yorio et al.,2001)

27、.However,other spectral bandssuch as green,far-red and UV lights have a positive influ-ence on plant biomass by triggering physiological reactionsto control their growth and development(Briggs et al.,2001;Briggs and Olney,2001;Kim et al.,2004a).WhiteLED has a continuous spectrum,including all spectr

28、albands needed in the growth and development of plant.Hence,we chose a combination of red(660 nm)and white(2700 K)LEDs as light source in the HTP.Consideringlight attenuation from the light source to the crop canopy,the lighting subsystem set up on the internal surface ofgrowth chamber was designed

29、to form a horn with threestages composing of conecylinder,based on the S-shapedgrowth model of cylindertruncated crops(Fig.3A).In thefirst stage,10 rectangular panels with 200 red2and 150white LEDs were mounted to form a small cylinder withdiameter of 32 cm and height of 13.5 cm.The third stagewas a

30、 big cylinder with 60 cm diameter and 7 cm height,which was made up of 10 rectangular panels with 192 redand 144 white LEDs.A truncated cone with height of20 cm consisted of ten trapezoid panels with 480 red and400 white LEDs was between the first and third stages.The total illuminated crop area in

31、the lighting subsystemwas 0.567 m2.The corresponding average light intensitiesat a distance of 5 cm below the LED lights from the firststage to the third stage were 200,350 and 500 lmol m?2-s?1,respectively(Fig 3B).This setting of light intensitieswas suited to vegetable growth of the seedling perio

32、d,rapidgrowth period and harvested period for saving energy andimproving lettuce quality(Avercheva et al.,2009;Mccalland Willumsen,1999).The water supply subsystem of the HTP employed aporous tube water and nutrient delivery with the Ebband Flow strategy described in previous studies(Berkovichet al.

33、,2005;Berkovich et al.,2002),which was proven to bea good way to maintain reliable delivery of water andnutrients to the plant root zone in space.The central por-ous titanic tube coating a water-swelling material wasembedded in stainless steel tube with gaps(Fig.4).Thecontact between water-swelling

34、materials of the centralporous tube and the root modules made successful deliveryof water and nutrient between them.For ground-basedvegetable planting tests,the water and nutrient were deliv-ered to root modules under a negative pressure of?0.5?0.2 kPa inside the porous tube.In addition to subsystem

35、s mentioned above,the HTPhad an electric motor driving rotation of the stainless steeltube through a chain wheel to counteract gravitationaleffects on the vegetables grown on the root modules.Eightfans provided air ventilation for the growth chamber(Fig.1).In addition,the facility required 0.3 kW po

36、werto maintain HTP operation.2.2.Operation of the HTPThe step-1 root module with seeds was assembled on ini-tial position of central stainless steel tube under the firststage of light subsystem.After a time interval of 57 days,the vegetable seeds developed into seedlings,the root mod-ule with seedli

37、ngs was moved forward to the next stepalong the central stainless steel tube.At this time,theFig.2.Root module of the HTP:(A)upper lid of the semicircular part;(B)bottom bracket of the semicircular part;(C)a ring-shaped root moduleassembly of two semicircular parts;(D)a root module with harvestable

38、lettuce.2For interpretation of color in Fig.3,the reader is referred to the webversion of this article.Y.Fu et al./Advances in Space Research 52(2013)9710499step-2 root module with seeds was assembled on the initialposition.After 5 repetitions of the planting and stepping(i.e.,2535 days),the step-1

39、root module with harvestablebiomass arrived at the end position of central stainless steeltube under the third stage of light subsystem as shown inFig.3A.Then,the plants grown on step-1 root module har-vested after further growth of 57 days and the vacant rootmodule was replanted using new BIONA-V3

40、artificial soil.To simulate microgravity effect and get morphologicallynormal plants in the growth chamber,the root modulesassembled on stainless steel tube were rotated with rotationvelocity of 12 rotations per hour.In this way,the HTP wasable to continuously produce harvestable vegetable cropswith

41、 each step at 57 day intervals.3.Planting experiments3.1.Materials and methods3.1.1.Lettuce cultivation,harvest and pretreatmentLettuce(Lactuca sativa L.var.dasusheng)was selectedas the plant material in this study.The plant density of let-tuce was eight plants per module.The time interval ofplantin

42、g every root module was 7 days,resulting in a 42-day growth duration of lettuce in the HTP.The HTPwas continuously operated for 105 days,and the lettucesgrown on ten root modules were harvested at 7-day inter-val one another.Environmental parameters for the speciesincluded 24 h lighting per day,air

43、temperature 23 2?C,relative humidity from 30 to 35%,and ambient CO2(?350 ppm).The 1/2 concentration Hoagland solution(pH 6.5)was used.At harvest of every root module,thefresh weight of edible biomass was measured,and wasdivided into two parts for different analyses.One halfwas dried at 105?C for 1 h

44、 and at 60?C for 8 h,and thenused for moisture content and crude fiber analysis.Anotherhalf was immediately lyophilized with liquid nitrogen andstored at?80?C for nutrient content(vitamins and miner-als)and nitrate level detection.As a comparison,the samelettuce cultivar purchased from a local groce

45、ry store wasalso analyzed.3.1.2.Assessment of lettuce quality(1)Crude fiber determinationNeutral detergent reagent method was used to analyzecrude fiber content of lettuces.Briefly,1 g dry samplewas added into 100 ml of cold laurel sodium sulfate,mixedat pH 7.0.Then 2 ml of decahydronaphthalene and

46、0.5 g ofsodium sulfite were added.The homogenate was kept at110?C for 60 min,filtered and washed with hot waterand then acetone.The sample was finally dried on a filterpaper at 100?C for 80 min(Guevara and Yahia,2003).(1)Vitamin and mineral content determinationAscorbic acid(vitamin C)content was de

47、termined using2,6-dichloroindophenol dye(AOAC,2000).The other vita-mins such as b-carotene(provitamin A),thiamin(vitaminB1),riboflavin(vitamin B2),niacin(vitamin B3),panto-thenic acid(vitamin B5)and folate(B9)were investigatedFig.3.Light subsystem of the HTP:(A)three-stage design of light subsystem

48、for the HTP;(B)3D mapping of the HTP photosynthetic photon fluxdensity.Measurements recorded at a distance of 5 cm below the LED lights.Fig.4.Structure of central tube for water supply of the HTP.100Y.Fu et al./Advances in Space Research 52(2013)97104by Chinese standard methods as described in a pre

49、viousstudy(Tong et al.,2011b).The contents of minerals involv-ing potassium,sodium,phosphorus,calcium,magnesiumcopper,iron,magnesium and zinc were determined accord-ing to AOAC method(AOAC,2000)using an atomicabsorptionspectrophotometer(1100B,Perkin-Elmer,Germany).(1)Nitrate level determinationLettu

50、ce samples were freeze-dried and pulverized with amortar.0.2 g of the pulverized material,which couldpassed through a 60-mesh sieve,was transmitted to a cen-trifugal tube with 10 ml of distilled water.The nitrate wasextracted after incubation of the material for 30 min at100?C.The extraction superna