太空生存太空生存太空生存 (46).pdf

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1、Building and Environment 212(2022)108801Available online 19 January 20220360-1323/2022 Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Regulating effects of the biophilic environment with strawberry plants on psychophysiological health and cognitive performance in small spaces Zhaoming Lia,b,Wenzhu Zhanga,b,Lingsh

2、an Wanga,b,Hui Liua,b,*,Hong Liua,b aInstitute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing,100083,China bInternet Joint Research Center of Aerospace

3、Biotechnology&Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing,100083,China A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords:Edible plants Biophilic environment Indoor spaces Health Cognition A B S T R A C T With urbanization,pandemic isolation,and exploration of deep-space and deep-sea,human beings will inevi-tably fa

4、ce the situation of long-term living and working in small spaces,which has negative impacts on peoples mental health and cognitive performance.One of the solutions to these problems is to introduce biophilic design,in which plants are often the momentous elements.But research quantifying psychophysi

5、ological and cognitive benefits of edible plants is sparse.This inter-group study chose strawberry,a typical favorite fruit,to explore the impact of the biophilic environment with edible plants on health and cognition in small spaces.A subjective evaluation+electrophysiology+salivary secretion analy

6、sis method was adopted to discuss the mechanisms operating between biophilic environment and human psychophysiological and cognitive feedback,and reveal the laws of interaction between them.The results indicated that subjective emotions were significantly improved,and high-frequency power of heart r

7、ate variability(HRV),the power of alpha and beta brainwaves were increased,while heart rate,saliva cortisol,-amylase and IL-1 were reduced in the biophilic environment with strawberry plants.Moreover,the results highlighted an improvement in cognitive performance by introducing strawberry plants int

8、o small space.Correlation analysis revealed that vigor was significantly negatively corre-lated with melatonin and response time,while histidine was positively correlated with mood disturbance and response time.Overall,these findings shed light on the positive regulation of biophilic environment wit

9、h edible plants on peoples emotion and cognition.1.Introduction With the development of society and the acceleration of urbaniza-tion,55%of the worlds population live in urban areas nowadays,and the ratio is expected to increase to 68%by 2050 1.And urban residents spend more than 80%of their time in

10、doors every day 2.Confined and small space,fast pace of life,and great work and social pressure constitute the typical characteristics of modern urban life,and these factors cause peoples mental sub-health state 3,4.Especially during the special isolation periods such as the coronavirus disease 2019

11、(COVID-19)pandemic,people have to be confined indoors for a long time,which exacerbates the psychological and physiological problems such as depression,anxiety and insomnia 5,6.Research frontiers in deep-space and deep-sea exploration are also facing the mental health challenges caused by small and

12、confined space.There are many small-space stressors,such as lighting aspects,noise and vibration,ra-diation,stale or polluted air,long-term isolation and confinement.Crew members are suffering from long-term chronic stress and prone to problems such as increased negative emotions and sleep disorders

13、,thereby reducing their adaptability and tolerance to the environment 7,8.The stressors in small space,especially in the environment lacking visual diversity(such as the Arctic,space,and office without windows),not only affect peoples mental and physical health,but also lead to the decline of cognit

14、ive function easily 9.According to the biophilia hypothesis originated in the field of evolutionary psychology,there is a natural connection between human beings and nature,and this connection may affect our health and pro-ductivity 10.Since the end of the 20th century,the recovery effect of nature

15、has gradually attracted attention from the fields of environmental psychology and public health,and the positive effects of nature*Corresponding author.Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Enginering,School of Biological Sci

16、ence and Medical Enginering,Beihang University,Beijing,100083,China.E-mail address:(H.Liu).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment journal homepage: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108801 Received 21 November 2021;Received in revised form 28 December 2021;Accepted 1

17、4 January 2022 Building and Environment 212(2022)1088012(including plants)on humans have been fully studied and confirmed 11,12.Hence,biophilic design may be one of the solutions to improve peoples psychophysiological health and cognitive performance in small spaces.And plants are often the momentou

18、s elements of biophilic design.The indoor decoration with ornamental plants has been shown to reduce negative emotions and stress,and increase productivity and ef-ficiency 1315.Introducing ornamental plants into the workplace,that is,creating a biophilic environment,may reduce the mismatch between e

19、volutionary needs and contemporary environments,thereby increasing job satisfaction and performance 16.Compared with indi-rect exposure to the natural environment by wooden materials 17,18,display or projector 19,20,or virtual reality technology 21,the advantage of real plants is that they may play

20、a role in purifying indoor air and improving environmental quality.Plants can not only absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis,but also absorb pollutants,which are separated,degraded or transferred inside the plant 22.In addition,plants can also release negative air ions(NAIs)that are beneficia

21、l to human physical and mental health 23.However,the current studies on indoor plants are rarely involved edible plants,and few of them have investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying the regulation of indoor plants on humans psychophysiological health and cognitive performance.Edible plan

22、ts can not only provide natural sensory stimulation through vision,smell,taste and touch,but also let people have a sense of harvest happiness,and provide fresh vegetables and fruits for people in small spaces as part of their food sources.As a favorite fruit rich in vitamins,strawberry(Fragaria ana

23、nassa L.)has been selected as one of the promising candidates crop for space life support system due to its characteristics of easy cultivation,small space occupation and low energy consumption 24.In addition,we have found that strawberry plants have the po-tential to reduce negative emotions and im

24、prove cognitive function in our previous studies 25,26.Therefore,strawberry plants were selected as the typical edible plant in this study to construct the biophilic envi-ronment in small spaces.The novelty of this study is that edible plants,which were rarely involved in previous studies,were used

25、to construct the biophilic envi-ronment.Edible plants might be more suitable for the construction of biophilic environment in small spaces,based on their characteristics of small space and resources occupation,fresh vegetable and fruits pro-duction,taste stimulation and harvest happiness etc.In addi

26、tion,since self-report assessment cannot fully explain the health benefits of indoor plants,which may introduce response bias,a subjective evaluation+electrophysiology+salivary secretion analysis method was used in this study to reveal the influence and its mechanism of the biophilic envi-ronment wi

27、th strawberry plants on peoples psychophysiological health and cognitive performance in small spaces from the cardiovascular system,endocrine system,immune system and nervous system.The results would provide a new basis for the application of edible plants on the construction of biophilic environmen

28、t to improve peoples mental health and cognition in small spaces.2.Methods 2.1.Subjects An inter-group design was used in this study to prevent the possible influence of legacy and practice effects on the experimental results.The independent t-test in GPower software(version 3.1.9.7)was used to esti

29、mate the required sample size(=0.05,power=0.8 27,28),and the minimum sample size of 24 subjects was revealed,i.e.,12 subjects per group.Then the subjects of this study were screened from young and healthy adults,excluding any patients with visual impairment,olfactory impairment,mental diseases,cogni

30、tive impairment,cardiovascular diseases,or allergic diseases,as well as those with smoking or drinking habits.In order to evaluate the initial anxiety and depression levels of subjects,the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)self-report-style questionnaires were filled

31、 out before testing.Finally,a total of 32 subjects(16 males and 16 females,with an average age of 21.31 1.20 years)were recruited for this study,and they were randomly assigned to the control group(non-biophilic envi-ronment)or strawberry group(biophilic environment).The de-mographic information of

32、the subjects was shown in Table 1.There were no significant differences in age,height,weight and body mass index(BMI)between the two groups,and the scores of anxiety and depression were within the normal range(score 50).All the subjects were only informed of the study procedures and requirements,wit

33、hout knowing the purpose of the study,and they voluntarily signed the informed consent form before the experiment.This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Science and Ethics Committee of School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering in Be

34、ihang University,Beijing,China(BM20200058).2.2.Experimental setting and procedure To investigate the effect and its mechanism of biophilic environment with strawberry plants on peoples mental status and cognitive perfor-mance in small spaces,two same monotonous,narrow and windowless rooms in Beihang

35、 University were selected,and the area of each room was 2.0 m(L)1.5 m(W)2.5 m(H).The experimental scene was shown in Fig.1.There were a table and a chair placed against the wall,and two three-layer plant cultivation shelves placed around the chair.In the strawberry group,two pots of strawberry plant

36、s(flowering and fruiting stage)were placed on each layer of the plant cultivation shelf,while there were no plants in the control group.Temperature,relative humidity and light intensity of the interior environment were controlled at 22 C,50%and 500 lx(fluorescent light)respectively.In addition,rooms

37、 were shielded from external light and noise to ensure that the subjects were not disturbed by external environmental factors.Considering the circadian rhythm changes of some salivary secre-tions(such as cortisol,melatonin,etc.)and the association of KSS measurement with subjective level of sleepine

38、ss at a particular time during the day,all tests were carried out at the same time of day(14:0016:00),so as to exclude the influence of salivary secretion con-centration and KSS measurement over time.The subjects entered the experimental room individually.The experiment procedure was shown in Fig.2:

39、Firstly,the subjects were equipped with physiological signal acquisition equipment,after which to obtain the baseline of their psy-chophysiological status and cognitive performance,they were asked to sit still for 5 min to collect physiological signals,and then complete saliva collection,subjective

40、evaluation and cognitive tests.Afterwards,in the environmental exposure stage,each subject was randomly exposed to one environment,and allowed to study and work indepen-dently for 1 h(read black-and-white paper materials provided by the investigator)in the biophilic environment with strawberry plant

41、s or the non-biophilic environment.In the end,the subjects were asked to repeat the test contents in the baseline test.Table 1 Demographic information of subjects who participated in the study.Variables Control group(n=16)Strawberry group(n=16)p-value Sex(male/female)8/8 8/8 1.000 Age(years)21.06 0.

42、77 21.56 1.50 0.249 Height(cm)169.69 9.90 169.38 9.44 0.928 Body weight(kg)62.38 9.08 63.56 14.47 0.783 BMI(kgm 2)21.61 1.94 21.30 2.70 0.720 SAS score 36.07 4.06 33.80 4.49 0.158 SDS score 37.67 5.54 34.33 6.14 0.130 BMI=body weight(kg)/height(m)2.Z.Li et al.Building and Environment 212(2022)108801

43、32.3.Measurements 2.3.1.NAIs in the environment NAIs,known as air vitamins,could not only inhibit bacteria,pre-vent dust and purify the air,but also affect the respiratory system,car-diovascular system and mental health 29,30.To evaluate the impact of strawberry plants on air quality in small spaces

44、,COM-3200PRO II air anion detector(COM System Inc.,Tokyo,Japan)was used to measure the concentration of NAIs in the room with or without strawberry plants.The measurement was conducted at 14:0016:00 with the resolution of 10 ions/cm3.2.3.2.Subjective evaluation of alertness and emotional state The K

45、arolinska Sleepiness Scale(KSS)and Profile of Mood States(POMS)questionnaire were used for evaluating subjective alertness and emotional state in this study.KSS is an effective and reliable scale for evaluating fatigue,and has been widely used in the assessment of self-alertness 31.KSS has 9 grades,

46、where 1 indicates extremely alert and 9 means extremely sleepy,even falling asleep.The higher the score,the lower the alertness.POMS contains seven emotional subscales:tension(T),anger(A),fatigue(F),depression(D),vigor(V),confusion(C)and self-esteem(S-E)32,33.A five-point ordinal categorical scale(0

47、4)is used for rating the items of the POMS scales,where 0=not at all,1=a little,2=moderately,3=quite a bit,and 4=extremely.The Total Mood Disturbance(TMD)is a global indicator of emotional disturbance,psychological distress or subjective well-being,which is defined as TMD=T+A+F+D+C V S-E.2.3.3.Saliv

48、ary secretion There are biomarkers that reflecting physical and mental health status in saliva,which contains a lot of biological information.Salivary secretion contains cortisol,-amylase,melatonin,proinflammatory cy-tokines,amino acids and so on.Cortisol and-amylase are both salivary stress markers

49、 17,34,which will obtain relatively high concentrations when subjected to external pressure and stimulation.Melatonin,an indole hormone secreted by pineal gland,plays an important role in regulating sleep-wake cycle.Many biological cycles,including sleepi-ness,wakefulness and alertness,depend on cha

50、nges in melatonin 35.Stress and depression may lead to increased production of proin-flammatory cytokines,such as TNF-,IL-1 and IL-6,to regulate the bodys immune response 36.Amino acids can be used not only as neurotransmitters directly,but also as the precursors to many other neurotransmitters,and