清华考研辅导.docx

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1、Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem 1 ike

2、 a strength that l the ability to make judgments which are unbiasedby 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring

3、too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that dayoTo 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10

4、 random 1 y for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 0He studied the results of 9, 323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were

5、15 used in conjunction with an applicantJ s score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or heroDr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was

6、0. 75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0. 075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 o1. AgrantsBsubmitsCt

7、ransmitsDdelivers2. AminorBobjectiveCcrucialDexternal3. ADexternalissueBvisionCpicture4. A For example B On average CIn principle DAbove all5.fearfulLAfondBDthoughtlessCcapable6.toAinBD foronC7. thoughLAifBD unlessuntilC8. shareApromoteBDsuccessemphasizec9.statusAdecisionBD successqualityC10. foundL

8、AchosenBD identifiedstudiedCH. A replaceableexceptionalBD otherwisedefensibleC12. A conductedinspiredBD securedexpressedC13. matchedLAassignedBD arrangedratedC14.gaveAputBD tookgotC15.everLAinsteadBD ratherthenC16. markedAselectedBD introducedpassedC17. aboveAbeforeBD belowafterC18. AjumpBfloatCdrop

9、D fluctuate19. AachieveBundoCmaintainD disregard20. ApromisingBpossibleCnecessaryD helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 f

10、ilm version of The Devil Wears Prada , Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn, t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistantJ s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments sto

11、res and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment0This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn, t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline, s three-year indictment of a fast fashion. In the last decade or

12、 so , advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara , H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers t

13、o see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don t advertise that - and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal

14、pace。The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5. 95 knit miniskirt in all its 2, 300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemical

15、soOverdressed is the fashion world s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan s The Omnivorey s Dilemma.Mass-produced clothing , 1 ike fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful, Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year -

16、about 64 items per person - and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to wasteoTowards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes - and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, i

17、t took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can t be knocked offoThough several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment - including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line - Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by t

18、he customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can, t afford not to。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining ski 110B insensitivity t

19、o fashion。C obsession with high fashionoD lack of imaginationo22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste。B shut out the feverish fashion worldoC resist the influence of advertisementsoD shop for their garments more frequently023. The word a indictment(Line

20、3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning toA accusat iorioB enthusiasmoC indifferenceoD toleranceo24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealistSoB The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability。C People are more interested in unaffordabl

21、e garmentsoD Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasingo25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle。B Chailenge to a high-fashion mythoC Criticism of the fast-fashion industry0D Exposure of a mass-market secretoText 2An old saying has it that half of all adverti

22、sing budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory , this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim abehaviouralv ads at those most likely to buyIn the past couple of weeks a qu

23、arrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America，s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track (D

24、NT) option to internet browsers , so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed . Microsoft，s Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ;Google，s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industr

25、y would get cracking on responging to DNT requestsOn May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a defaultoIt is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,

26、although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with MicrosoftJ s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anywayoAlso unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business

27、too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products f

28、avourably with Google, s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft，s chief privacy officer, bloggde：z，we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB

29、lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industryw (Line 6, Para. 3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many

30、 cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph. 6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consu

31、mersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author，s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing

32、 us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to。But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn，t we? Take a broader loo

33、k at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see .100, 000 AD: Living in the deep future), Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCNs Red List, of threatened species, and you will read: Listed as L

34、east Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For

35、example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still

36、be marking time thousands of years hence。Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity* s impact will be on the planet - in the context

37、of stratigraphic time。Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futur

38、ologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future。But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future

39、: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselvesoThis long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a

40、 passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place

41、 in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in。31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for ares of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techedC our awareness of potential risksD our bdief in equal opportuni

42、ty32. The IUCN Rod List suggest that human beings onA a sustained speciesB the word s deminant powerC a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies0B Technology offers solutions to social

43、problem。C The interest in science fiction is on the rise。D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive。34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resourcesoB adopt an optimistic view of the worldoC draw on our experience from the pasteD curb our ambition to resh

44、ape history。35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindoD Science, Technology and HumanityoText 4Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona s imm

45、igration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration, s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the statesoIn Arizona v. United States, the

46、 majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization “ and that federal laws precede

47、 state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones。Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court9 s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately uoccupied the field“ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federalJ s privileged powers0H