吴耀武2011考研英语基础班讲义.docx

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1、I will not give you a fish but tell you how to fish.加77考研英语基础班饼文I主讲：吴耀武共同探讨美语人生量身定做学习计划紧紧把握考试脉搏传授英语应试策略奠定葭好心理基础培养进取人生杰度西安外国语大学语言测试研究中心主讲教师简介吴耀武:著名英语教学与测试专家；西安外国语大学国际学院副院长；多次参加国家、省、市命题和阅卷工作。先后在西安外国语大学（XISU）、香港岭南大学（HKLU）、上海外国语大学（SHISU）、美国洪堡州立大学（HSU）、美国北亚历桑那大学（NAU）学习、工作和访问过，现已出版英语考研考试专家系列丛书（西工大出版社）、21世

2、纪考研英语系列丛书（人民日报出版社）、大学英语四六级考试专家、全攻略系列丛书（西工大出版社）、英语专业四八级TEM-4/8考试指南系列丛书（世界图书出版社）和高考英语考试专家系列丛书（西安外语音像出版社）等30余部，逾1000万字。于2000年起在全国高校和各地中学作关于考研英语、雅思（IEUTS）、高考英语等巡回讲座，在各地均引起巨大轰动，讲座场场爆满。并受到新浪、搜狐、中国考试网、都市快报、西安零距离、华商报、西安晚报、三秦都市报等多家媒体的关注和专访。他在英语培训领域提出了自己独特的教学理念努力改进学习方法、量身定做学习计戈I;紧紧把握考试脉搏，传授英语应试策略；奠定良好心理基础，培养进

3、取人生态度。这一理念在课堂上得以贯彻并为广大学员所认可。现在吴老师每年在北京、上海、西安、武汉、南京、成都、重庆、沈阳、石家庄、天津、乌鲁木齐等20多所中心城市主讲考研英语、大学英语四六级和高考英语，经他直接培训的学员已逾12万人，听众更是不计其数。学员对他的评价是：感情真挚，敬业专注；才思敏捷，经典幽默；传授知识如春风化雨，润物无声；谈应试技巧如数家珍，挥洒自如；他的语言总是富有人生哲理，他的课堂永远充满着欢笑从容；他传播的不仅仅是英语知识，更是一种人生感悟！吴耀武英语教学网欢迎大家交流学习：WWW.515ENGLISH. NET考研英语如何复习？Today I believeThis wo

4、nderful lecture will completely change my life! Today I believeThat all my efforts will produce generous returns!Today I believeCGRE English will be conquered this time!第一阶段（2009年ii月1201042 fl;一翌备阶段（新M念34册学习）第二阶胤（2010/3月至2010斗6外一去砒阶段（祠汇伞闵履像力幡杲）第三阶胤（2010耳7 i.201049 n ）-强化阶段究伞制依步盘J第四阶段（2010年10舄至2010年1

5、2局，冲刎阶段（作文裸也和套做制林）考研美将成锹技巧词汇:三个层面，五个考JL,夏白友，令实虞，$复习，巧祀也阅读:把我i基，似机会局，绍原文，信息复依，合情靠理，水利区渠新题型：四种题型，8升思曙,步步,爸我关联，以客名i抡先机事件:把援句义,惆卷辖方,侬,而风不院带，心中万智弄发写作：应用文一搬化冬人，明确目的，要克全面，合情推理，漫画作文全新思韬，经典气务，延值“一二三四五”，你比考官都清比第一部分考研英语词汇全攻略第一章：基础词汇引申能力的培养1、将下列句子译成汉语，注意划线部分。基础词汇引申能力的培养取决于在日常的阅读训练中要不断通过动手翻译进行积累，说到底是一种语感的培养。1. P

6、hilips father was a surgeon in good practice and his hospital appointments suggested an established position.2. At the other extreme, American policy had also failed either to develop a strong conservative political base or maintain the ability to prevent the Nationalists from pursuing a suicidal ci

7、vil war.3. They were unarmed and unprotected, knowing perfectly well the danger ahead. Still, they went, plugging gamely along.4. The most economical age to capture an elephant fbr training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn

8、 its keep straight away.5. He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather, he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.6. Does job enlargement pay? The proponents say yes, and back up their conclusion wit

9、h enthusiastic anecdotal reports.7. Wherever the fault may lie the fact remains that it is the theatre at Oxford and not at Cambridge which is on the verge of extinction.8. When one weighs the opposing forces, the elements of space and time, and the sea-land transfer problem, one sees that Churchill

10、s foot-dragging made sense.9. And then we realized that until now our attitude had been: let the patient come to us. Now we knew that we must go to the patient.10. First the electroencephalograph shows that while there I a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the

11、 total amount of activity is any less.11. What the Chinese people are altogether unprepared for, however, is the death of Mao without the comforting presence of Chou En-Lai as chief mourner. If Mao has been Chinas spiritual guide these many years, Chou has been its security blanket. The second may w

12、ell turn out to be the more sorely missed.d respect for his values.13. The other side of the mind is now exposedthe dark side that comes uppermost insolitude, not the light side that shows in company.14. All a man had to do was to keep his head, and he was all right. Any man who was a man could trav

13、el alone.15. The draft resolution urges the United Nations to send its peacekeeping troops to the region in accordance with the resolution adopted at a special meeting last May.参考答案1 .菲利浦的父亲是个外科医生，由于找他看病的人很多,各医院请他会诊也多,因此他在医务界已占得一席之地。2 .在另一个极端，美国的政策既未能发展一个强大的保守的政治基地,又没有保持足以制止国民党发动一场自杀性内战的力量。3 .他们没有武器

14、，赤手空拳，也没有飞机舰队保护。他们深知前面的危险，然而仍然毫不畏惧地奋力向前驶去。4 .捕获十五岁至二十岁之间的象来进行训练，最为经济实惠,因为象到了这样的年龄就差不多能干重活了，而且能马上开始赚I可养活它所需要的费用。5 .他不反对劳工组织，也不阻拦罢工作为工人的斗争武器，而是从工人运动中摄取男女主人公,把他的故事情节交织在这些人的斗争之中。6 .工作多样化的做法值得吗?赞成者的回答是肯定的，而且用过去一些鼓舞人心的事例来证明他们的结论。7 .姑且不论责任在哪一方，事实是，是牛津的进坛而不是剑桥的进坛正处于崩溃的边缘。8 .如果我们衡量一下双方的兵力,时间与空间的要素，以及海陆转运问题等时

15、，我们就会明白，邱吉尔迟迟未能采取行动是合情合理的。9 .后来我们认识到，我们以前的态度一宜.是让病人上门来找我们。现在我们知道必须走出去找病人。10 .第一，脑电图表明里然睡眠期间活动方式有所改变，但没有迹象表明活动总量有任何减少。11 .然而，中国人民在心理上最没有准备的是周先毛而死，因为如果在毛逝世后有周做主祭人可以起安抚人心的作用。如果说毛多年来是中国的精神引路人，那么周是中国的安全保障，而且后者很可能会证明是位更不可缺少的人物。12 .联合国已经制定了一个保证人类繁荣,尊重人类各项道德准则的体制。13 .展开在我们面前的是另一个世界，是一个孤独时最易萌生的忧郁阴沉的一面，而不是聚会结

16、伴时显示出来的轻松愉快的一面。14 .一个人所要做的就是要保持冷静，这样就不会有什么问题了。无认是谁，只要是一个男子汉，都可以单独旅行。15 .决议草案敦促联合国遵照今年五月特别会议通过的决议,派遣维和部队到该区去。2、汉英词义对比分析，总结规律英语是拼写文字，汉语是表意文字；英语有曲折变化，汉语没有曲折变化，英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语意思相对稳定严谨。英语中介词数量多，使用广泛，意义变化大；而汉语借此则比较少，使用面较窄，意义比较稳定。第一节词义对比1 accept a university chair / condemned to the chair/soft record/soft dr

17、ugs/soft intelligence（词义对比）2、It is ten years since he was a fisherman.（时态语序）3、The relief troops came at the eleventh hour.（词义延伸）4、Caution is the parent of safety.（词义延伸）第二节词性转化转译成动词（-）名词转译成动词1. Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear-arms race had founded on one point: U.S. ins

18、istence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russias refusal.到一九七二年为止，美苏之间关于限制军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。2. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territorie

19、s and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exit.一九六七年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯成人以色列的生存权利的基础上解决中东冲突。3. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。II含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译为动词。1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞

20、机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。2. As the week drew to a close, the enemy rout was complete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。3. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。4. The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries.贸易的巨增给两国带来了益处。（动+副一形+名）5. Tra

21、ditionally, they had always been good relations between them.它们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。（副一形）6. Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。（动一名）7. We are enemies of all wars, but above all of dynastic wars.我们一直反对一切战争，特别是反对王朝战争。（系表结构+OJ动）Ill英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指

22、其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。1. I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我耒必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人所干的坏事。IV作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译为动词，如To hav

23、e a rest和To have a good look at 里的 rest 和 looko1. The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到旅行。（）前置词转译为动词英语中前置词是用得相当多的，其中有些没有动作意味而仅表示时间、地点的前置词，汉译时往往可以省略；但有许多含有动作意味的前置词，如across, past, toward等等，汉译时往往可以译成动词。2. Party officials worked long hours on m

24、eager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.（A. L. Strong）党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。3. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑匕卜径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。（三）形容词转译成动词英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的这类

25、形容词有：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able 等。1. Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。2. Naturally the Nazi soldiers were more co

26、ncerned with saving their own lives than with taking ours.当然，纳粹士兵们对于救他们自己的命，比起要我们的命，关心得多了。（四）副词转译成动词1. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。2Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American war in Indochina would soon beover.尼克松先生屡次声言，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。转译成名词(-)英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用

27、的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。I名词派生的动词1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。2. As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils.随着战争的进行，他成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切坏事的化身。II名词转用的动词1. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn u

28、p in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。(二)形容词转译成名词I英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。2. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。3. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，

29、热爱并保护穷人。II此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。1. Steven was eloquent and elegant but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。2. They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。转译成形容词I形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful.驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。II有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。Independent thinking is an

30、absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。其它词类转译I形容词与副词的互相转译We took brief, restless naps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague,.我们短短地、不安地睡了几次，竭力想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播 II名词与副词的互相转译1 .名词转译为副词The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city po

31、or.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。2 .副词转移成名词They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。3、根据阅读文章上下文推测生词意思在英语学习中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着

32、互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧，可以通过1）上下文间意义的联系；2）同义关系，反义关系；3）词的定义；4）对词的解释和举例；5）构词法知识猜测词义。E利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义Example:The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks. They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles eggs Example：Fishes live in water and

33、 have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimly skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen. Example：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.Example:Another

34、habit which can slow your reading is called “subvocalization.In this case your lips dont move, but you still hear each word in your head as you read silently.Example:In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.国利用文章中词与词的同义和反义

35、关系猜测词义Example :If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city , you might have witnessed a strange sight . You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback , saying somethingExample:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a

36、customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. Example:In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid , and the summers hot and dry . Example:Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They al

37、so regard drinking as harmful.Example:Green loves to talkt and his brothers are similarly loquacious.Example:A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.Example:Mary felt perturbed,:that is to say , she was greatly disturbed by her sisters action.Example:Rathe

38、r than liking Mr. Wus lecture, as the leaders expected them to, most of the students abhorred it.Example:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义Example：Anthropology is the scientific study of man.Example：Such experiences

39、are not unusual for the amateur conchologisls, people who collect shells. Example :Jack is now a florist* who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.Example:Over the past centuries, the earth has been struck by meteorites which are fragments from other parts of the solar system.利用文章中对词的举例及

40、解释猜测词义Example:Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances for instance , washing machines , refrigerators and color TVs.Example:Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over

41、their headsExample:It seems that such maladies as colds, fevers, and sore throats will always be a part of life. Example:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.国同位语或用连词or引导的同意近义词可给出生次确切的意

42、思。Example:Lipids, or fats, can be measured in the laboratory.Example:Semantics the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.Example:Capacitance or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.Exam

43、ple:Dr. Smith is recognized as one of the founders of ethnology,the study of the different races of human beings.利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义1）根据前缀猜测词义Example:They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questionsExample:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few m

44、inutes.Example:We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel .That was why we had to pay so much for it.2）根据后缀猜测词义Example:Insecticide is applied where it is needed.Example:Then the vapor may change into droplets.Example:Im illiterate about such things.3）根据复合词的各部分猜测词义Example:Growing

45、economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Example:Bullfight is very popular in Spain.作业：Which small western European country is known for its delectable chocolates and wealthy bankers? Switzerland is the obvious answer, but increasingly Belgium is attracting attention for the ri

46、chness of its banks as well as the sweetness of its pralines. The Belgian private-bankingindustry is booming where growth, though from a low level, is far faster than in more famous banking centres such as Switzerland and Luxembourg. According to a recent annual survey of private banking by McKinsey

47、, a firm of international consultants, between 2003 and 2005 the Belgian private-banking market grew by 27% a year, compared with an average of 12% for the rest of Europe.There is one very obvious reason for the buoyancy of Belgiums private banks. More and more Belgians fall into the elite category

48、that bankers call high-net-worth individuals and everyone else calls millionaires. Guy de Marni says there is more liquidity in the economy, as baby-boomer entrepreneurs are reaching retirement and selling their family businesses. There is a small but lucrative exception to this rule. Several bankers attract French and Dutch clients, who want