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1、动词1动词动词,就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词,要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。目录动词总介 1. 动词 1. 动词的时态 1. 时态的相互代替与比较 1. 动词的语态 1. 语态的注意事项 1. 动词总介 1. 动词 1. 动词的时态 1. 时态的相互代替与比较 1. 动词的语态 1. 语态的注意事项 1. 展开编辑本段动动词词总总介介表表示示动动作作和和状状态态的的词词叫叫做做动动词词。1) 根根据据其其在在句句中中的的功功能能,动动词词可可分分为为四四类类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb

2、)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动 词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 还可以分成及物动词和不及物动词 说说明明:有有些些情情况况下下,有有些些动动词词是是 兼兼类类词词,例如: 动词2We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having 是实义动词。 ) He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。 (has 是助动词。) 2) 动动词词根根据据其其后后是是否否带带有有宾宾语语分分为为两两类类,分别是:及物动词( Transitive Verb)、不及物动词 (Intransitive Verb),缩写形式

3、分别为 vt. 和 vi.。 说说明明:同同一一动动词词有有时时可可用用作作及及物物动动词词,有有时时可可用用作作不不及及物物动动词词。例例如如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。( sing 在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。( sing 用作及物动词。) 3) 根根据据是是否否受受主主语语的的人人称称和和数数的的限限制制分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词 (Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好。( sin

4、g 受主语 she 的限制,故用第三人称单数形式 sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。( to learn 不受主语 she 的限制,没有 词形变化,是 非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是: 动词不定式 (Infinitive)、动名词( Gerund)、分词( Participle)。 4) 根根据据动动词词的的组组成成形形式式,可可分分为为三三类类,分别是:单字词( One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动 词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如: The English lang

5、uage contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。( contains 是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。( look up 是短语动词。) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。( take care of 是动词短语。) 5)动动词词有有五五种种形形态态,动词3分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(

6、Singular Form in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。 编辑本段动动词词系系动动词词系动词亦称联系动词( Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作 谓语,后边必须跟 表语(亦称补语),构成 系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语, 例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。( fell 是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)

7、He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。 fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语。 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有 be 一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。( is 与补足语一起说明主语的身 份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示“看起来像

8、“这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 动词4这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, com

9、e, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有 prove, trun out, 表达“证实“,“变成 “之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。( turn out 表终止性结果) 助助动动词词最常用的助动词有: be

10、, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词 词组的词叫助动词( Auxiliary Verb)。被 协助的动词称作主要动词( Main Verb)。 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (doesnt 是助动词,无词义; like 是主要动词,有词义 ) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如: He was se

11、nt to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如: Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗? Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过 英语吗? d. 与否定副词 not 合用,构成 否定句,例如: I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 半半助助动动词词动词5功能介绍 在功能上介乎 主动词和助

12、动词之间的一类结构,称为 半助动 词。常见的半助动词有 be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to 等。 情情态态助助动动词词情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括 will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used

13、to, had better 后接原形不定词。 2.情态助动词不受主词的 人称和数的限制。 3. 两个情态助动词不能连用。 中文:他将能够及时完成此事。 (误)He will can finish it i. 基基本本助助动动词词基本助动词 基本助动词只有三个: be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义, 只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告 He has made a plan. 他已 经订了计划 The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在

14、笼子里。He doesnt smoke. 短短语语动动词词动词加小品构成的起动词作用的 短语叫短语动词( Phrasal Verb)。 例如: Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。( turn off 是短语动词) 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种: 1) 动词+副词,如:black out; 2) 动词+介词,如:look into; 3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和 介词都统称为 小品词(Particle)。 非非谓谓语语动动词词在句子中充当除谓语以外的 句子成分的动词形式叫做 非谓语动词 。非 谓语动词分为三种形式 :不定式,

15、动名词,和分词 (分词包括现在分词和过 去分词)。 1)不定式 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2)动名词 时态语态 主动 被动 动词6一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3)分词 时态语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词 一个动词可以在有的场合下 及物,有的场

16、合下又不及物。像 “kick” 这个动词,在 “kick the ball”里,“kick”是“及物”动词,“及”什 么“物”呢?这里的“物”就是“ball”;但是如果只说 “kick”,就是 “蹬,跺”,“我跺脚”就只是“I kick”2 个词就够了,一个主语一个谓 语,我跺脚的动作不涉及 宾语,不涉及我跺了什么,就是我跺脚这个动作而 已。 这就是一般句子的基本结构,再复杂的长句也只是往这个基本结构里面 添加丰富这个基本结构的修饰性的内容了,像 定语(修饰名词), 状语 (修饰形容词和动词)。 以上是最最基本的句子结构了,别的一些像起始句啊倒装句啊强调句 啊什么的,还有各种 从句,都是在这个

17、基本结构上稍稍变化而来,先把这个 句子的基本结构掌握透彻,这些别的问题自然迎刃而解的。 情情态态动动词词实义动词与系动词是相对的,系动词亦称连系动词(Link Verb),作 为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补 语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后 面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词) 即 行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。如: can(could)、should、must 等。 编辑本段动动词词的的时时态态时态是英语谓

18、语动词的一种形式 ,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态 . 英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的 .英语有 16 种时态,但中 学阶段较常用的有十种 :一般现在时 ,一般过去时 ,一般将来时 ,过去将来时 ,现 在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时 ,过去完成时 ,现在完成时和现在完成进 行时. 时时态态一一致致1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实,则永远用现在时。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 动词7He told me last week that he is eighteen. 2) 宾语从句中的助动词

19、 ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 时时态态与与时时间间状状语语时间状语 一般现在时 every , sometimes, at+时间, on+时间 一般过去时 yesterday, last+时间, 时间+ago, the other day, in+时间, just now 一般将来时 next+时间, tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up t

20、o now, in past+时间, already, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from+时间 to+时间 last +时间 when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on+时间, by this time,in+时间, tomorrow evening,this coming Sunday 一一般般现现在在时时的的用用法

21、法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday, always, every day, usually, seldom I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使

22、主句是过去时,从句谓语 也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言 行的瞬间动作。再如: Now watch me, I switch on the cur

23、rent and 动词8stand back. 第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观 状况,所以后句用现在进行时。 一一般般过过去去时时的的用用法法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有: yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。 Where did you go just now? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever t

24、he Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了“ “该了“ It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了 “ “早该了“ It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.

25、4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、 建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义:她已不在人间。 ) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义:她现在还活着 ) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在 肯塔基州。

26、) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去 ) 注注意意: 用用过过去去时时表表示示现现在在,表表示示委委婉婉语语气气。 1)动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2)情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? u us se ed d t to o / / b be e u

27、us se ed d t to o 动词9used to + do:“过去常常“表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不 存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或 “习惯于“,to 是介词, 后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步 ) 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A.

28、didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 答案 A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看 出,在听的时候 没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 一一般般将将来来时时1) shall 用于第一人称,常被 will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。 What are you going to

29、do tomorrow? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about +不定式,意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注注意意:b be e a ab bo ou ut t

30、 t to o 不不能能与与 t to om mo or rr ro ow w, , n ne ex xt t w we ee ek k 等等表表示示明明确确将将来来时时 的的时时间间状状语语连连用用。 b be e g go oi in ng g t to o / / w wi il ll l 用于条件句时, be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your cl

31、othes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 动词10b be e t to o 和和 b be e g go oi in ng g t to o be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 一一般般现现在在时时表表将将来来1)下列动词: come, go,

32、arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的 一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes. 2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是 wi

33、ll come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4)在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 用用现现在在进进行行时时表表示示将将来来意为:“意图“、“打算“、“安排“、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arriv

34、e, leave, stay 等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 现现在在完完成成时时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确 和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表 示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。 用用于于现现在在完完成成时时的的句句型型 1)It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visi

35、ted the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is the that结构,that 从句要用现在完成时 . 动词11This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第 一次听他唱歌。 3)最基本句型 主语+have/has+(already/just)+动词的过去分词 +其他 典典型型例例题题 (1) -Do you know o

36、ur town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故 选 B。 (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案 D. ever 意为曾

37、经或无论何时,反意词为 never,此两词常用于 完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,从句要用完成时。 注意:非延续性动词 的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动 作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I havent received his letter for almost a month. 比比较较 s si in nc ce e 和和 f fo o

38、r r S Si in nc ce e 用用来来说说明明动动作作起起始始时时间间, f fo or r 用用来来说说明明动动作作延延续续时时间间长长度度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little gi

39、rl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注注意意:并并非非有有 f fo or r 作作为为时时间间状状语语的的句句子子都都用用现现在在完完成成时时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。 ) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。 ) 动词12小小窍窍门门:当当现现在在完完成成时时 + +一一段段

40、时时间间,这这一一结结构构中中,我我们们用用下下面面的的公公式式转转 化化,很很容容易易就就能能排排除除非非延延续续动动词词在在完完成成时时中中的的误误使使。 1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is s

41、till getting married now. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. s si in nc ce e 的的四四种种用用法法 1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、 1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3)

42、since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since 从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 5)since 和 for 在现在完成时态 ,since 后面加时间点, for 后面加时间段。 延延续续动动词词与与瞬瞬间间动动词词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能

43、与表示 段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 (表经历) 2) 用于 till / until 从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示 “做直到“ 瞬间动词用于否定句, 表示“到,才“ He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到 10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到 10 点。 典典型型例例题题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _

44、her several times. 动词13A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案 B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描 述。再次,several times 告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 过过去去完完成成时时1

45、) 概念:表示动作发生在过去,并在过去完成(即是常说的过去的过 去)。 用一示意图表示如下: 动作发生 -|-|-|- 过去的过去 过去 现在 其基本构成是: had+动词过去分词。 2) 用法 a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在 后,用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向

46、的动词,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示 “原本,未能“ We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by

47、 himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典典型型例例题题 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 动词14答案 D. “把书忘在办公室 “发生

48、在“去取书“这一过去的动作之前,因此 “忘了书“这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when 表示的是 时间的一点,表示在 “同学们正忙于 “这一背景下, when 所引导的动作 发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。 注意: had no when 还没等 就 had no sooner than 刚 就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 将将来来完完成成时时1) 构成 will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念 a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。 b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的 动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 现现在在进进行行时时现在进行时的基本用法: a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时 ) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. b. 习惯进行:表示长期

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