段平-技术与商务交流英语（第二版）Chapter 17 Instructions 教参.docx

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1、Chapter 17InstructionsInstructions are step-by-step explanations of how to do something-how to build, operate, repair, or maintain things. Effective instructions enable users to complete a job safely and efficiently. Instructions are one of the most important genres of technical writing because almo

2、st anyone with a responsible job writes and reads instructions in this technological age. For example, a secretary might instruct a new employee in how to operate a photocopying machine; a cell phone customer has to read the user manual to learn how to use it; and computer users routinely consult ha

3、rd copy or online manuals for all sorts of tasks.L Purpose and AudienceThe purpose of instructions is to direct a user to accomplish a task without causing any damage or injury to the user, the object, or any third party. Injuries and damages often result from a misuse of consumer products, such as

4、power tools, car jacks, or household cleaners. This misuse is often caused by defective instructions. A user who is injured because of unclear, inaccurate, or incomplete instructions can sue the writer. A defect in product-support literature is just as liable as a defect in the product itself. There

5、fore, as a technical writer of instructions, you should be clear about your purpose of writing and know your audience well.Before writing an instructional document, you should conduct an audience analysis to determine their level of familiarity with the topic. You should not presume that people know

6、 more than they really do, especially when you can perform the task almost automatically. Always assume that the user knows less than you do; a layperson, in particular, may know nothing about a procedure that you can do effortlessly.When determining exactly how much information is enough for your a

7、udience, you should consider the following suggestions: When writing instructions for consumer products, assume the lowest reading level of your audience and simplify the text. Focus on the operation of the product一how to use it. Do not focus on the functions of the product-how it works. Provide all

8、 the information users need so that the instructions can stand alone. Include only what users need to complete the task. Eliminate any unnecessaryinformation. Support the text with visuals. Repeat information if it reduces the users, need to flip back and forth between pages.必要 时重复信息以避免使用者来回翻页。 Divi

9、de the task into simple steps. Allow users to focus on one step at a time. Adjust the information to the users background and the difficulty of the task.Do not include too much information on one page.使用者的知识背景和任务的难易程度 来调整信息量。不要在一页上出现过多信息。1. Open the Battery/Memory media cover.打开电池/内存卡盖Insert the mem

10、ory card with the terminal side facing down until it clicks into place. X各存储卡 面朝下插入终端，直到滴的一声插到位。2. Insert the battery pack while pressing the battery eject lever with the tip of the battery pack. 插 入电池组，按压电池组顶部的电池弹出杆。3. Close the Batter/Memory media cover.关闭电池/内存卡盖。Shooting images 拍摄照片O Mode dialCon

11、trol buttonMENU buttonO Mode dialControl buttonMENU buttonSelf-timer lamp/ Smile Shutter lampMicrophone SpeakerFlash Shutter buttonMacro buttonDISP buttonFlash button Self-timer buttonW/T (Zoom) buttonSelect the desired function on the Mode dial.在模式刻度盘上选择所需的功能。1. Hold the camera with your elbows pre

12、ssed against your body to steady it.用肘部抵住身体来 稳住相机。2. Position the subject in the center of the focus frame 将主体置于焦点框架的中心。3. Press and hold the Shutter button halfway down to focus.半按下快门键，以便相机对焦。4. Press the Shutter button fully down.完全按下快门键。Viewing images 查看照片1. Press the Playback button to enter the

13、 viewing mode.按下回放按钮进入查看模式。2. Press the Index button.按下索引键。3. Select an image with A / and / on the Control button.使用控制按钮上的/和 /A 选 择键来选择照片。4. Press in the center of the Control button to view the image.按下控制按钮中心的可以 查看照片。Deleting images 删除照片Press the Playback button to enter the viewing mode.按下回放按钮进入查

14、看模式。1. Press the Index button.按下索引键。2. Select an image you want to delete with A / and / on the Control button.按控制按钮上的 /和/A来选择要删除的照片。3. Press the MENU button.按下菜单键。4. Select OK with on the Control button.按控制按钮上的选择OK。5. Press in the center of the Control button to delete the image.按下控制按钮中心的可以 删除照片。Tr

15、oubleshooting 故障排除In case of trouble, try the following solutions before sending the camera for repair. 如有故障， 请在 送修前尝试以下解决方案。Problem 问题Cause原因Solution 解决The battery check indicator blinks.电 池检查指示灯闪 烁。 The battery pack is going to exhaust.电池组即将耗尽。 Insert the newly charged battery pack.插入新充电的电 池组。Cann

16、ot turn on the camera.无法打开 相机。 No battery pack is loaded. 未安装电池组。 The battery pack is inserted in a wrong way.电池组插 入方式错误。 The battery pack is dead. 电 池组失效。 Load the battery pack.装入电 池组。 Insert the battery pack correctly.正确插入电池组。 Replace it with a new one.更换 新的电池组。The photographs are blurred.照片模糊 不清。

17、 The camera moves when the shutter button is pressed.按 下快门按钮时，相机移动 To Hold the camera steadily and press the shutter button gently when you take pictures.拍照 时，稳稳地握住相机，轻轻按 下快门。The charge lamp flasheswhilecharging the battery. 充电灯在给电池充 电时闪烁。 The battery pack is inserted in a wrong way.电池组插 入方式错误。 Remo

18、ve the battery pack and reinsert it correctly.取出电池 组，重新正确安装。Specifications 规格Image device成像设备:7.82mm (1/2.3 type) color CCD彩色CCD(电荷耦合器)图像传感器. Primary color filter 原色滤色镜Total pixel number 总像素值：Approx 约. 21.1 Megapixels 2110 万像素Effective pixel number 有效像素值：Approx 约. 18.2 Megapixels 1820 万像素Lens 镜头:Car

19、l Zeiss Vario-Tessar 卡尔蔡司镜头 20x zoom lens 变焦镜头 f = 4.3 -86 mm (25 - 500mm (35 mm film equivalent) F3.5(W) - F6.5 (T)LCD panel 液晶屏：7.5cm(3.0 type)Power 功率：Rechargeable battery pack Li 可充电锂 电池组 40B/EN-EL10, 3.6 V Dimensions 大小：Approx.约 83 x 55 x 24 mm (3.27 x 2.17 x0.94 inches)(W x H x D)Mass 质量:Appro

20、x 约.62 g (2.2 oz)(without battery pack 不含电池组)Exercises1. Improve readability by revising the diction, voice, or structure of the following instructions.1. Your car should be positioned on as firm and level a surface as is available.Position your car on as firm and level a surface as is available.2.

21、It is important to type in your account number and access code.Type in your account number and access code.3. Switch on the computer after inserting the disk in the drive.Insert the disk in the drive; then switch on the computer.4. Set up an account if you are not yet registered on eBay.If you are n

22、ot yet registered on eBay, set up an account.5. Before copying the tape contents to the target disk, configure the target disk. Configure the target disk; then copy the tape contents to the target disk.6. Verify that your disk is not contaminated with dust.Examine your disk for dust contamination. (

23、Avoid negative phrase)7. If you type infoinst“ at the command line, the info-installer window opens.Type “infoinst“ at the command line. The info-installer window opens.8. Register your computer as a client. (For new users only) For new users only Register your computer as a client.9. Restart your s

24、ystem if the installation completes.If the installation completes, register your system.10. The engine has to be turned off; the parking brake should be set; and the automatic transmission shift lever must be placed in park or the manual transmission lever in “reverse.”Turn off the engine.a) Set the

25、 parking break.b) Select one of the options: For automatic transmission place the transmission shift lever in park”For manual transmission place the transmission lever in reverse.”IL Read the following instructions for a radio operation and rearrange the steps into their logical order.a. Set the req

26、uired radio band with the BAND SELECT switch.b. For SW reception, retune the station accurately with the FINE TUNE control.c. To turn off the radio, set the FUNCTION switch to RADIO OFF.d. Set the FUNCTION switch to RADIO.e. Tune in a desired station by turning the TUNING control.f. Adjust the VOLUM

27、E, BALANCE and GRAPHIC EQUALIZER controls for your desired sound level and tone taste.g. For FM reception, pull out the aerial and determine the direction, length and angle for optimum reception.答案：1. Set the FUNCTION switch to RADIO.2. Set the required radio band with the BAND SELECT switch.3. Tune

28、 in a desired station by turning the TUNING control. For SW reception, retune the station accurately with the FINE TUNE control. For FM reception, pull out the aerial and determine the direction, length and angle foroptimum reception.4. Adjust the VOLUME, BALANCE and GRAPHIC EQUALIZER controls for y

29、our desired sound level and tone taste.5. To turn off the radio, set the FUNCTION switch to RADIO OFF.III. Rewrite the following instructions according to the principles you have learned in this chapter.If you want to purchase your tickets online, you should turn on your computer and log into . Next

30、, you will be asked to select one of the choicesclick Register if you are a new user or click I Have an Account if you registered before. After that, you will be required to complete the fields on the form. If you are a new user, the form requires you to fill in your credit card number; if you are a

31、 returning user, the form requires you to input your password. Upon clicking Select Tickets to Purchase, a list of tickets pops up for you to choose from. You can now choose your tickets and click Submit. After submitting your purchase, wait a few seconds for a confirmation message. If a message pop

32、s up telling you that the tickets have been purchased, write down or print the confirmation number. Now you have completed your purchase. If, however, no message appears, you should repeat the purchasing process.答案：1. If you want to purchase your tickets online, turn on your computer and log into .2

33、. Select one of the choices: If you are a new user, click Register. If you registered before, click I Have an Account.3. Complete the fields on the form in one of the two ways: If you are a new user, fill in your credit card number. If you are a returned user, specify your password.4. Click Select T

34、ickets to Purchase. A list of tickets pops up for you to choose.5. Choose your tickets and click Submit.6. After submitting your purchase, wait a few seconds for a confirmation message. If a message pops up telling that the tickets are purchased, write down or print the confirmation number. Now you

35、have completed your purchase. If no message appears, repeat your purchase process.IV. Select a user manual in your field or one for general audiences. Evaluate the manuals usability on the basis of the principles you have learned in this chapter. Form a group in class to discuss the strong points an

36、d weak points of the instruction manual. Explain why it is effective or ineffective, and suggest improvements. Focus your discussion on the following points: Use of illustration Naming of equipment and material. Sequencing of steps Grouping of steps Formatting to highlight key points Safety instruct

37、ions可参考补充文件17 Example进行讨论。V. Choose a topic from the following list or from an area of interest. Next, ask three people to perform the same task in their own ways. List the things they do similarly and those they do differently. Discuss which would be the right way and which would be the alternative

38、 way for completing the task. Finally, write a complete set of instructions. 讨论题， 略。Checking the oil level in a carPlanting a treeHanging wallpaperHitting a golfballRemoving the rear wheel of a bicycleScanning a photo or textProviding an emergency aid to a person suffering from a heart attack Replac

39、ing an ink cartridge in a photocopier Persuade users that this procedure is necessary or beneficial, or encourage them that they can complete this procedure easily and competently.是使用者相信该程序时必要的和有 益的，并鼓励他们，使他们相信他们有能力容易地完成任务。IL Main Tasks and SubtasksAn important consideration is the amount of tasks t

40、here are in the instructions9 procedure. The term procedure refers to the whole set of activities your instructions explain. A task is a group of actions within the procedure. For example, a simple procedure like changing the oil in a car consists of only one task, whereas a computer operation proce

41、dure has many more. A user manual for a complex commercial product usually contains the following main tasks: unpacking and setup tasks; installing and customizing tasks; basic operating tasks; routine maintenance tasks; and troubleshooting tasks. 例如，像给汽车换机油这样简单的程序仅包含一项任务，而电脑操作程序则包含多项任务。 一个复杂商业产品的使用

42、说明书通常包括如下主要任务：拆箱和装配任务、安装和按照用户 要求制作任务；基本操作任务；日常保养任务；故障排除任务等。Each main task may contain a set of actions as few as several steps, or as many as hundreds of steps. Therefore, after identifying your main tasks, you need to divide them into subtasks so that you can provide information in a step-by-step g

43、uide. For instance, the basic operating tasks of a computer can be divided into keyboard operation 键盘操作，mouse operation 鼠标操作，etc. You should remember that the number of steps in each task and subtask should be nine or fewer so that it is easy for readers to follow.III. Step-by-step InstructionsMost

44、tasks are performed as a series of ordered steps. Steps should be clearly written and correctly ordered; otherwise they may cause users to make mistakes or fail to complete a task.1. Using Direct Address, Active Voice and Imperative MoodInstructions must be understood on the first reading because us

45、ers usually take immediate action. 用 法说明必须一读就懂，因为使用者通常会立即采取行动。To emphasize the users role, you should write instructions in the second person and address them directly. The best way is to begin each step with an action verb, and use the active voice and imperative mood.IndirectThe user types in his

46、or her user name用户名.It is important to type in the user name.The user name is typed in.DirectYou should type in your user name.Type in your user name.2. Identifying Conditions at the Beginning of Conditional Steps 把条件写在步骤开始Conditional steps are those that users follow only if certain criteria apply.

47、 Conditional steps generally begin with the word if/ as in If you are new, register first. Users who meet the criteria for a step must follow that step. You should always start conditional steps with the condition. In this way, users who do not meet the criteria can skip the step after reading the c

48、ondition.有条件的步骤 要先陈述条件。这样，不符合该条件的用户就可以跳过这一步。ConfusingRestart the computer if the screen displays an error message.Type in your access code if you want to log on.Run the InforExec program to reconfigure your settings.(Info Extended only)ClearIf the screen displays an error message, restart the computer.如果屏幕上出现错误信息，从新 启动电脑。If you want to log on, type in your access code.如果你要登录，键入你的存取密码。Info Extended only: Run the InforExec program to reconfigure your settings.仅限于 Info Extended使用者：运行Infor