细胞生物学1Introductionofcellbiology.ppt

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1、Welcome Each of YouWelcome Each of You to My Class to My ClassFeb.-July 2013Cell BiologyThe structure of cellsstructurefunctionmolecular mechanisms of the intri-cate activities of cells细胞生物学是：细胞生物学是：研究细胞基本研究细胞基本生命活动规律生命活动规律的科学，它从的科学，它从不同层次上主不同层次上主要研究要研究The course mainly covers:Chapter 1:Introduction

2、 to Cell Biology(第一、二章)Chapter 2:Techniques in Cell Biology(第三章)Chapter 3:Cytoplasmic Membrane and The Movement of Substances Across Cell Membranes(第四、五章)chapter 4:Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts(第六章)Chapter 5:Cytoplasmic matrix,Endomembrane system,Protein Sorting and membrane tra

3、fficking(第七章)Chapter 6:Cell Signaling（第八章）Chapter 7:Cytoskeleton System（第九章）Chapter 8:Nucleus and Chromosomes（第十章）Chapter 9:Ribosome(第十一章)Chapter 10:Cell proliferation and its regulation（第十二章）Chapter 11:Cell apoptosis and cellular aging(第十三章)Chapter 12:Cell differentiation and gene expression(第十四章)C

4、hapter 13:Cell Community Relation:Cell Junctions,Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix(第十五章)Reference books and journals 翟中和，王喜忠，丁明孝 主编，细细胞胞生生物物学学，高等教育出版社，第三版，2007Gerald Karp.Cell and Molecular Biology：concepts and experiments，4rd Edition.Published by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.2006Lodish H.et al.Molecula

5、r Cell Biology.4th Ed.Scientific American Books,Inc.2000.Alberts B et al.Essential Cell Biology.New York and London：Garland publishing，Inc.1998 Alberts B et al.Molecuar Biology of the Cell,3rd ed.New York and London：Garland Publishing，Inc.1994;3rd 2002.Becker W.M.et al.The World of the Cell.4th Ed.T

6、he Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.2000.b Fundamental Concepts and theories b Experimental approaches and ideas(As you read this text,think like a researcher)b Reductionist(knowledge of the parts of the whole can explain the character of the whole)b Dont accept everything you read as being true

7、.Remain skeptical!b English is just a tool!bTake notes when you listened especially what I have emphasizedSuggestions to Study Cell BiologyChapter 1 Introduction to the cells1.About Cell Biology2.Look briefly at the history of cell theory3.Why are cells the basic units of life?4.Consider the basic p

8、roperties of cells5.Types of Prokaryotic Cells:Two Subkingdoms 6.Types of eukaryotic cells and structural system7.The size of cells 8.Relationship between structure and function of cells9.Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells10.Comprehend a special life:virusesLearning Ob

9、jectives1.About“Cell Biology”（研究内容与现状）（研究内容与现状）Nucleus,Chromosomes and gene expressionCytoplasmic Membrane(Bio-membrane)Cell organelle(Mitochondria,Chloroplasts,Endomembrane system,nucleus etc.)Cytoskeleton System Cell proliferation and regulationCell differentiation and gene expressionCell apoptosi

10、s and cellular aging Cell origins and evolutions Cell engineeringCell signalingSee p.3-52.The Cell Theory:A Brief History发现细发现细胞（胞（Robert Hooke，1665）建立建立细细胞学胞学说说（施莱登，施旺，（施莱登，施旺，1838-1839）细细胞胞 学的学的经经典典时时期期（19世世纪纪最后最后25年，广泛的年，广泛的观观察与描述）察与描述）实验细实验细胞生物学胞生物学时时期期（应应用用实验实验的手段与分析方法的手段与分析方法进进行研究行研究）细细胞生物学学科的

11、形成与胞生物学学科的形成与发发展展P8-13 The discovery of CellsIn 1665,Robert Hooke saw a network of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb.He called these little compartments“cellulae”,a Latin term meaning little room.It is from this word we get our present-day term,cell.P8The microscope used by

12、Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of“cell”he drew in 1665The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscopeThree basic tenets of Cell theory 1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.3.All cells

13、arise only from preexisting cells by division.P93.Why are cells the basic units of life?A.The cell is the structural unit of life,All organisms is make up of cells.P19-21B.The cell is the functional unit of organisms.All metabolic activity is based on cells.独立的有序的自控的C.The cell is the growing and dev

14、eloping basis of lifeHuman fetal development.(a)At 5 weeks,limb buds,eyes,the heart,the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo,which is only about 1cm long.(b)Growth and development of the offspring,now called a fetus,continue during the second trimester.This f

15、etus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long.(c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old.Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.D.The cell is the foundation of reproduce,and the bridge of inheritance.E.Cell(nucleus)is totipotent(全能的全能的),which can create a new organism of the same type As a gener

16、al rule,the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes.For animals,the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole(蝌蝌 蚪蚪)nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its o

17、wn nucleus.Some can develop swimming tadpoles.This is animal cloning.An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997.“Dolly”the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult.Mammalian cloning.Dolly and her daughterIs there any practical value to such technology?The

18、 process of cloning Dolly哺乳动物的体细胞克隆与细胞全能性4.Basic properties of cellsA.All cells share similar structure,composition and metabolic features；Plasma membrane,DNA/RNA,and Ribosome.B.Cells are highly complex and organized,capable of self-regulation;Cells acquire and utilize energy.P21-23Levels of cellula

19、r and molecular organizationWe can think of complexity in terms of Order and ConsistencySelf-regulationLeft:Normal development of a sea urchin in which a fertilized egg gives rise to a single embryoRight:The cell of an embryo are separated from one another after the first division,and each cell is a

20、llowed to develop in isolation and regulating its development to form a complete(although smaller)embryo.Acquiring energyC.Cells can capable of producing of themselves by division.HeLa cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951.It is the first human c

21、ell to be kept in culture for long periods of time and is still used today.Johns Hopkins univesity,in 1951D.Cells are able to respond to stimuli via surface receptors that sense changes in the chemical environment.Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled prot

22、ist.But they respond.They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways.For example,the receptor on the cell surface can respond to hormones and growth factors.E.Cells carry out a variety of chemical reactionsand engage in numerous mechanical activities细胞是

23、多层次非线性的复杂结构体系 细胞具有高度复杂性和组织性细胞是物质（结构）、能量与信息过程精巧结合的综合体 细胞完成各种化学反应；细胞需要和利用能量；细胞参与大量机械活动；细胞对刺激作出反应；细胞是高度有序的，具有自组装能力与自组织体系。细胞能进行自我调控；繁殖和传留后代；Cells are the basic units of life The basic properties of cells FromWe can get some new consideration for the conception of cell生物大分子如何逐级有序地组装成行使生命活动的细胞基本结构体系是个很吸引人

24、而又相当朦胧的问题。因此，细胞的基础研究势必影响当今生命科学的整体发展。Archaebacteria(Archaea)(古细菌古细菌-古核生物古核生物)Eubacteria(Bacteria)（真细菌）（真细菌）methanogens(产甲烷生物)halophiles(好盐菌)acidophiles(嗜酸菌)thermophiles(嗜热菌)Sulfolobus（硫化菌）The smallest living cells,the mycoplasma(支原体)(0.2m diameter),which are also the only prokaryotes lacking a cell w

25、all The most complex prokaryotes are the cyanobacteria 5.Types of Prokaryotic Cells:Two SubkingdomsCyanobacteriaTwo cells of E.coli during conjugative genetic exchange(x3645).Genetic material moves from the donor to the recipient cell through the clearly visible conjugation tube.原核细胞的两个代表A.Subkingdo

26、m ArchaeaB.Subkingdom Bacteria Most Bacteria and Archaea have 1000-4000 genes;The smallest known cells-the Mycoplasma,0.10.3m;smallest genome:482 genes,minimal essential gene：256C.EukaryaTree of life has three primary branches（or domain）p.23-24真核细胞可能起源于古细菌的主要证据（1 1）细胞壁成分细胞壁成分与真核细胞相似，而非由含壁酸的肽聚糖构成。与真核

27、细胞相似，而非由含壁酸的肽聚糖构成。（2 2）DNADNA与基因结构：古细菌与基因结构：古细菌DNADNA中有重复序列的存在。多数古核细胞的基因中有重复序列的存在。多数古核细胞的基因组中存在内含子。组中存在内含子。（3 3）有类核小体结构：古细菌具有组蛋白，而且能与）有类核小体结构：古细菌具有组蛋白，而且能与DNADNA构建成类似核小体构建成类似核小体结构。结构。（4 4）有有类类似似真真核核细细胞胞的的核核糖糖体体：多多数数古古细细菌菌类类的的核核糖糖体体较较真真细细菌菌有有增增大大趋趋势势，含含有有6060种种以以上上蛋蛋白白，介介于于真真核核细细胞胞（70708484）与与真真细细菌菌（

28、5555）之之间间。抗抗生素同样不能抑制古核细胞类的核糖体的蛋白质合成。生素同样不能抑制古核细胞类的核糖体的蛋白质合成。（5 5）5 5S S rRNArRNA：根根据据对对5 5S S rRNArRNA的的分分子子进进化化分分析析，认认为为古古细细菌菌与与真真核核生生物物同同属属一一类类，而而真真细细菌菌却却与与之之差差距距甚甚远远。5 5S S rRNArRNA二二级级结结构构的的研研究究也也说说明明很很多多古古细菌与真核生物相似。细菌与真核生物相似。（6 6）根根据据DNADNA聚聚合合酶酶分分析析，氨氨基基酰酰tRNAtRNA合合成成酶酶的的作作用用，起起始始氨氨基基酰酰tRNA tR

29、NA 与与肽肽链延长因子等分析，也提供了以上类似依据。链延长因子等分析，也提供了以上类似依据。p.306.Types of eukaryotic cells and structural system Single-celled protists(原生生物)Multicellular organisms-different activities are conducted by different types of specialized cells Differentiation:the process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell beco

30、mes a highly specialized cell A.Types of eukaryotic cells:p.31在个体发育(ontogeny)中,细胞后代在形态结构和功能上发生差异的过程称为细胞分化。细胞分化不仅发生在胚胎发育中,而是在一生都进行着,以补充衰老和死亡的细胞,如:多能造血干细胞分化为不同血细胞的细胞分化过程。differentiationB.Three structural systems in Eukaryotes:1.Bio-Membrane system;2.Genetic and expression system;3.Cytoskeleton System.

31、123p.31-322a)Diameter b)Measured in units of micrometers:1um=10-6 meter nanometers:1nm=10-9 meterc)Cell size is limited(细胞体积的守恒定律细胞体积的守恒定律)vsurface area/volume ratio;（反比）vnucleus/cytoplasm ratio;（限制）vSubstances exchange/volume;（限制）(substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffusio

32、n)7.The Size of Cellsp.33-34Egg is an exception to the rule!p.348.Relationship between structure and function of cellsl 特化的细胞类型 哺乳动物的红细胞 动物的各类分泌细胞 雌雄生殖细胞等l正常细胞内部结构（细胞器等）细胞的形态结构与功能的相关性与一致性是细胞的共同特点9.Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells(1)Complexity:Prokaryotes are relative

33、ly simple,eukaryotes are more complex in structure and functionp.36 Table 2-2;2-3The structure of a prokaryotic cellThe structure of aEukaryotic cell(2)Genetic material:All Cells Store Their Hereditary Information in DNAa.Packaging:Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas eukaryote have a true,mem

34、brane-bound nucleus.(bacterinm:0.25-3.0 mm,to encode between several hundred and several thousand proteins,The simplest known cells have just under 500 genes).b.Amount:Eukaryotes have several orders of magnitude more genetic material than prokaryotes.(yeast:4.6mm DNA,encoding about 6200 proteins)c.F

35、orm:Eukaryotes have many chromosomes that are made of both DNA and protein whereas prokaryotes have a single,“naked”DNA chromosome(3)Cytoplasm:Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeletal proteins;prokaryotes have neither.Both have ribosomes,although they differ in size.(4)Cellular rep

36、roduction:Eukaryotes divide by mitosis;prokaryotes divide by simple fission.(5)Locomotion:Eukaryotes use both cytoplasmic movement,and cilia and flagella;prokaryotes have flagella,but they differ in both form and mechanism from eukaryotic flagella.10.VirusesVirus diversity（1）Viruses are pathogens fi

37、rst described in the late 1800s.（2）Viral structure:-The genetic material:Single-or double-stranded DNA or RNA.-Protein capsid obligatory intracellular parasites.（3）Viral infection types:-Lytic infection;-integrated infectionAdenovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)T-even bacteriophageTobacco mosa

38、ic virus(TMV)p.41-42 fig.2-6 and 2-7（4）Viral origins:-Viruses had to arise after their hosts evolved;-Viruses probably arose as fragments of host chromosomes.病毒是非细胞形态的生命体，它的主要生命活动必须要在细胞内实现.病毒与细胞在起源上的关系，目前存在3种主要观点：-生物大分子病毒细胞 病毒 -生物大分子 细胞 -生物大分子生物大分子细胞细胞 病毒病毒Summary(p45-46)The cell theory has three te

39、nets:Cells are the basic units of life The properties of life,as exhibited by cells,can be described by a collection of properties:The three structural systems in Eukaryotes are Cells are almost always microscopic in size Relationship between structure and function of cells Characteristics that dist

40、inguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells includeHomework:1.What are the fundamental properties that are shared by all cells?describe the importance of each of these properties.2.Why are cells the basic units of life?3.What is the three tenets of“cell theory”?4.Compare a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell on the basis of structural,functional,and metabolic differences.5.What is the three structural systems in Eukaryotes?6.Why are cells almost always microscopic?7.Describe the relationship between structure and function of cells