2 Lecture notes on Stylistics.ppt

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1、 Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes1Lecture NotesDr.Amira KashgarySeptember 2006 Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes2Stylistic ProblemsDr.Amira KashgaryDepartment of EnglishSeptember 2006 Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes3Whats StyleStyle is a collection of grammatical and lexical choices made by the author or the wr

2、iter within a language system Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes4Two Views of StyleTraditional View:Style is a molding or a frame of the message the dress of meaning(secondary to meaning)Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes5Two Views of StyleFunctional View:Style is:linseparable from meaninglan important part of

3、the messagelContributes either slightly or considerably to the message Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes6Importance of StyleShape of the text:Poetry vs.ProseRhythmical Language has different effectColloquial words vs.Formal words etc.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes7Do we translate Style?YES!Retain it for fu

4、nctional purposesChange it for TL requirments Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes8Whats Stylistic translation?Translation which stresses the overlapping between message and styleRequirements:Style which is faithful to that of SLStyle which is appropriate to the TL Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes9Whatsstylisti

5、ctranslation?Requirements:StylewhichisappropriatetotheTLStylewhichisfaithfultothatofSLTranslationwhichstressestheoverlappingbetweenmessageandstyle.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes10Stylistic equivalenceIt is the proper choice of the style of the TL text(e.g.Arabic)derived from that of the SL text(e.g.En

6、glish),unless available the TL.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes11Types of ProblemsMany problems faced by students while translating from English into Arabic and vice versa.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes12Style of Formality vs.InformalityJoos(1962)suggested a scale of five tones of English which is general

7、 but widely acceptable:1.Frozen formal 2.Formal3.Informal 4.Colloquial5.Vulgar Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes13Style of Formality vs.InformalityThe 5 styles are sometimes reduced to 2 main ones only,for ease of classification&comprehension:Frozen formalFormalInformalColloquialVulgarFormal Informal Ami

8、ra Kashgary Lecture Notes14Style of Formality vs.InformalityGive examples(from book p.224-5,and by students)Usually only four styles in Arabic:Classical Arabic(the language of Quran)Modern Standard Arabic(MSA)(e.g.the written Arabic of today)Colloquial Arabic(the language of conversation)Vulgar(slan

9、g)Arabic(very local,unkind and bad language)Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes15StyleofFormalityVs.InformalityInformalFormalFrozenFormalFormalInformalColloquialVulgar(slang)Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes16Examples and Assignment1.See Page 227 for more examples.2.Examine translated text No 1 from handouts.Tr

10、anslate the text twice,first into formal Arabic and second into informal Arabic.3.Make a short report summarizing the main points discussed in the lecture.4.Prepare the next four stylistic problems Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes17StylisticProblemsFormalityvs.InformalityFrontingParallelismAmbiguityComp

11、lexvs.Simplestyle Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes18Style of FrontingDefinition:to move a word,a phrase or a clause from its original place in the middle or at the end of a sentence to the beginning(front position)of that sentence.E.g.Allah she worshiped.(fronted)She worshiped Allah.(normal)Amira Kashga

12、ry Lecture Notes19Style of FrontingThefrontedwordsorclauseshaveamoreimportantthantheotherpartsofthesentence.FunctionFrontingisstylisticdeviceusefultoslowEmphasizeandsurprise+Importance Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes20Style of FrontingFunction:Fronting is a stylistic device used to show Emphasis and su

13、rprise+ImportanceAs he had been caught red-handed,he was sentences to death.(fronted clause).Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes21Style of FrontingFronting is used both at the sentence level and the text level.See examples P231Translate“The Impact of Muslim Civilization on Europe”Amira Kashgary Lecture Not

14、es22Style of ParallelismDefinition:Two structures or more are identical to one another.E.g.My father is ill.My mother is sad.My sister is worried.(parallel structures).Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes23Style of ParallelismFunction:Parallelism is important to meaning.Why?It implies a balance between two

15、or more messages.ConclusionI t should be translated in Arabic to reflect the same function.More Examples:See P 232 Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes24Style of ParallelismText for translation in classToday we have bigger houses but smaller families;more conveniences,but less time;we have more degrees,but

16、less common sense;more knowledge,but less judgment.We have more experts,but more problems;more medicine,but less wellness.We spend too recklessly,laugh too little,drive too fast,get to angry too quickly,stay up too late,get up too tired,read too little,watch TV too often,and pray too seldom.Amira Ka

17、shgary Lecture Notes25Styleofparallelism(Myfather)S-(is)V-(ill)C(Mymother)S-(is)V-(sad)C(Mysister)S-(is)V-(worried)CDefinition:Twostructuresormoreareidenticaltoonethetextlevel.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes26Style of AmbiguityDefinitionIt is lack of clarity of language at different lexical,cultural,or

18、 syntactic levels:word,phrase or sentence,Example:The shooting of the hunters is extraordinary “Shooting”has two meanings:1.Killing the hunters 2.Killing the birds Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes27Style of AmbiguityFunctionAchieving complicated meaningHiding the truthAvoiding straightforward expression

19、 of opinionReflecting the nature of a character,a person,an idea,etc.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes28Style of AmbiguityFunctionAchieving complicated meaningHiding the truthAvoiding straightforward expression of opinionReflecting the nature of a character,a person,an idea,etc.Amira Kashgary Lecture Not

20、es29Style of AmbiguityHow to translate ambiguous sentences(Idioms)Example:I smell a rat in what you say!Look for an indirect equivalent:Or resort to equally unclear phrases:Or use direct phrases:Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes30StyleofAmbiguityFunctionsAmbiguityisunclarity.Itisamajorstylisticdevice,Avo

21、idingstraightforwardexpressionofopinion.Hidingthetruth.ComplicatingmeaningUnclarityofmessage.Reflectingthenatureofacharacter,aperson,anidea.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes31Complex vs.Simple StyleComplexity is displayed through a single sentence composed of several interconnected fronted subordinate cl

22、auses,followed by the main clause in a final position.(syntactic complexity)Example:Knowing how popular Robin Hood was among the common people(sub.clause)and how he could always slip quietly away into Sherwood forest(sub.clause)where his pursuers would be hampered by their ignorance of the terrain a

23、nd their inability to adapt to the conditions of guerrilla warfare(sub.clause),the sheriff decided to take no immediate action(main clause).Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes32Complex vs.Simple Style”“Keep the complexity,dont simplify!Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes33Complex vs.Simple StyleFunction1.To accum

24、ulate information and reasons which justify the action2.To have impact on meaning3.To give information Study more examples PP 238-241 Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes34Complex vs.simple style Complexityofstylecanbedominantinatexttohaveafunctionofsomekind,whichhasimpactonmeaning.Thesamekindofstylecanrend

25、erthesamefunctionandeffectinArabictranslation.Otherwise,meaningwillbeincompleteComplexityofstyleisbecausethewholetextisonesinglewhichcomposesofseveralinterconnectedfrontedsubordinateclauses,followedbythemainclauseinfinalposition.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes35Style of Short SentencesFunctions1.It hei

26、ghtens the tempo of action2.It accelerates events and arouses suspense Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes36Style of Long SentencesFunctionsStrong unity of the topicReflection of a boring subject matterEmphasis or non-emphasis of a subject,a phrase or a clausePortrayal of a special sceneAvoidance of a any

27、shade of ambiguityAddition of extra thing to the text(legal text)Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes37Passive vs.Active StyleBoth styles are used in all types of texts(English and Arabic)Active style in English is used as a straightforward,sharp,provocative,candid and aggressive styleIt is used to imply an

28、 invitation to some kind of action to be taken Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes38Passive vs.Active StyleBoth styles are used in all types of texts(English and Arabic)Active style in English is used as a straightforward,sharp,provocative,candid and aggressive styleIt is used to imply an invitation to som

29、e kind of action to be taken Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes39Passive vs.Active StylePassive is used for:1.Concentrating on the result of the action and the action itself2.Hiding the identity of the doer Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes40Passive vs.Active:TranslateDepression can be beaten in more than two-

30、thirds of patients,but it takes time and trying several combinations of treatments,US researchers reported on Tuesday.The“real-world”study of 3,671 patients with major depression showed that no one drug or class of drugs works any better,the researchers said.The right combination must be found for e

31、ach individual patient.“The good news is that two-thirds of people can be relieved of their depression if they can hang in there for up to four treatment steps.Thats pretty significant for a tough illness,”said Dr.A.John Rush,a professor of psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical

32、Center,who led the study.But the bad news,he said,is that until patients are completely symptom-free,they risk relapse.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes41Passive vs.Active:TranslateAll the patients started on the same drug Forest Laboratories Inc.s Celexa,a drug in a class called SSRIs,for selective sero

33、tonin reuptake inhibitors.This drug sent 37 percent of patients into remission.Patients who did not get completely well were randomly assigned to take other SSRIs or Wyeths Effexor,a drug in a similar class called selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs.Patients could also ad

34、d cognitive therapy a type of psychological counseling and this second step helped an additional 31 percent of patients.Those who were still not cured went to one of four treatments:nortryptyline,an antidepressant in an older class called tricyclics;Remeron,also known as mirtazapine,which is a norad

35、renergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant;lithium;or T-3,a thyroid hormone Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes42Style of Repetition and VariationIt is the repetition of important words or phrases over and over againFunctionTo reflect something important to the whole message(see examples pp 249-251)

36、Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes43Style of RedundancyThe use of unnecessary,extra words to express something for the purpose of (Emphasis and Contrast)Examples:“As a matter of fact,to say the truth,I have to say it frankly,Im not interested in your offer”.1.2.Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes44Style of Show

37、of Muscles Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes45Style of Nominalization vs.VerbalizationNominalization:the use of nounsFunction:to inject texts with abstraction,fixity and some kind of authority Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes46Style of Nominalization vs.VerbalizationVerbalization:the use of verbsFunction:indication of subjectivity,mobility and normality Amira Kashgary Lecture Notes47Style of Irony