1：The United Kingdom1.ppt

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1、1st week Arrangement of this courseThe United Kingdom1st week,Unit 1A brief Introduction to the United Kingdom2nd week,Unit2A brief Introduction to the United Kingdom3rd week,Unit 4 Police,Class and Race4th week,Unit5 The UK Economy5th week,Unit7 British Education System6th week,Unit 9 The British M

2、edia7th week,Sports,Holidays and Festivals in Briatain8th week,Students presentation Ireland9th week,Unit 11 Land,People and History10th week,Unit 12,Politics and Economy11th week,unit 13,Irish Culture:How the Irish Live Now12th week,Unit 14,Irish Culture:Language,Literature And Arts13th week,A Gene

3、ral Introduction to AustraliaAmerica 14th week,American Beginnings,Education in the United States15th week,Sports and Scenic Sports in America16th week,Students presentation17th week,final-examinationThe Map of the UK TheMap of theUKThe United KingdomA Brief Introduction to the UK Unit 1 A Brief Int

4、roduction to the United KingdomI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsII.Geographical FeaturesIII.Climate and peopleIV.The History of Great BritainI.Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The Definition of The UK.,Great

5、 Britain and England.England,Scotland,WalesNorthern Ireland.Great Britain Ireland hundreds of small ones.The UKGreat Britain3.The British Isles:Three terms British IslesBritain Great BritainTwo large islands several small ones The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England,WalesSco

6、tlandEngland(London):highly urbanized country,with 80%of its population living in cities,and only 2%of the population working in agriculture.(p5)London(P4)north England South EnglandScotland(Edinbergh):the second largest of the four nations,both in population and in geographical area.EdinburghGlasgo

7、wBrave Heart(Anglo-Scottish conflict)Wales(Cardiff)Language:Welsh(19%of the population)Two campaigns for independence from England:(p10)In 1267,Llywelyn ap Gruffudd forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales in 1267.In the early 15th century,Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful rising aga

8、inst the English.Northern Ireland(Belfast)Northern Ireland(often called“Ulster”)is the smallest of the four nations,both in area and population.With only 1.759 million people,it is smaller than many Chinese cities.It play a significant role in political issues,neverthless,it is less developed than B

9、ritain.nGiants Causeway:is made up of black hexagonal columns,the result of an ancient volcanic eruptionQs:Why was the Ireland island separated into the north and the south part?What are the main divergences(differences)between the north and the south?How did British government take the north Irelan

10、d as a part of their own?(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest,most populous section.(2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.Its capital is Glasgow.(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.It is rich in coal and steel.Though being adjacent to England,Wales retain

11、s a powerful sense of its difference with from England.(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Its capital is Belfast.People there are living in wars.FTFTTrue or False.Climate and WeatherA maritime type of climate:rainy,changeable and unpredictable rarely rising above 32 in summer or fall

12、s below 10 in winter.mild winters and cool summersmaritime climate plenty of rainfall prevailing south-west winds and west wind North Atlantic Drift(北大西洋暖流北大西洋暖流)Humidity&fogThe climate of UKnorth and west:(Scotland,Wales)highlands east and southeast:(England)lowlands III.Geographical Features -Vari

13、ed landscape3.1 Lake District in Englanda scenic spota scenic spotin North West EnglandA popular holiday destination being famous for its lakes and its mountains its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and other poets.3.2 The highlands in Scotland：spars

14、ely populated,with many mountain and including the highest mountain in the British Isles,Ben NevisThree natural zones:the northern Highlandthe central Lowlands the southern Uplands 3.3 the hilly Walesa mountainous country in the west of Great Britain.It is hillier and more rugged than adjacent parts

15、 of England.(P10)3.4 the rural Northern IrelandSmallest among the four nations in BritainMostly rural,low hills,beautiful lake in the south-west,rugged coastlineAdministrativeDivisionPopulation(mid2004)AreaSize(sqkm)Populationdensity(peoplepersqkm)England50,093,800130,281383NorthernIreland1,710,3001

16、3,576125Scotland5,078,40077,92565Wales2,952,50020,732142UnitedKingdom59,834.900242,5142463.5 unequally distributed population 1.The British Isles are made up of_ A.two large islands and hundreds of small ones B.two large islands and Northern Ireland C.three large islands and hundreds of small ones D

17、.three large islands and Northern Ireland 2.There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain.They are_ A.Britain，Scotland and Wales B.England，Scotland and Wales C.Britain，Scotland and Ireland D.England，Scotland and Ireland ABExercise:Exercise:4.About a hundred years ago,as a result

18、 of imperialist expansion,Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the worlds people and _of the worlds land area.A.one third B.one fifth C.one fourth D.two fifths 3.The capital city of Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland are _,_,_.EdinburghCardiffBelfastC1.Does Britain have a favorable climat

19、e？Why？Yes,it has a favorable climate,because it has a maritime type of climate-winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature too.1.The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;

20、2.The prevailing south-west winds bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;3.The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.2.What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Which part of Britain has the most rainfal

21、l and which part is the driest？3.What are the three natural zones in Scotland？The three natural zones in Scotland are:the Highlands in the north;the Central lowlands,and the south Uplands4.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland？Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to l

22、ive in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social,political and economic opportunities.The British Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to

23、bring peace to Northern Ireland.1.The Celtic people from Europe(100AD)2.Roman Invasion(55BC-410AD)3.The Anglo-Saxons From Germany(446-871)4.Viking and Danish invasions5.The Norman Conquest(1066)诺曼底征服6.British Empire.(1400-1946).The History of Great BritainPost-reading QuestionsWhat is the full name

24、of the British state?What countries does it consist of?What is the total population of the United Kingdom?Where do most British people live?What is the most densely populated area of Britain?What is the least populated?Can you list the names of a few major cities in Britain?RaceUK is not an exclusiv

25、ely“white”country.Around 5%of British citizens are from non-European ethnic groups.The immigrants are mainly from South Asia,that is,India,Pakistan and Sri Lanka;and Caribbean countries such as Jamaica and Trinidad.HistoryBritish history has been a history of invasion.Before the 1st century-Celtic p

26、eople43 AD-Roman Empire(400 years)the 5th century-Anglo-SaxonLate 8th century-Vikings from Scandinavia1066-The Norman invasion,from northern France,William the ConquerorGovernmentDemocracy vs.Monarchy “divine rights of kings”-the bureaucratic is rising-Oliver Cromwell,the civil war,republic“Roundhea

27、ds”-Magna Carta(a charter of liberty and political power)The Parliament In 1689,Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.The House of LordsThe House of Commonsthe Cabinet-a group pf important parliamentariansthe Prime Minister-the lead

28、er of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election.the QueenParliament:a.It passes laws;b.It votes for taxation;c.It scrutinizes government policy;d.It administrates,expenditures and debates the major issues of the day.The Political PartiesThe three major national parties:the

29、Conservative party the Labour party the Liberal Democrats The 1970s were a decade of problems in the UK.The economy did badly,with high inflation and low growth.Big private companies started to go bankrupt,and the nationalized industries were seen as inefficient.In 1979 there were widespread strikes

30、,and thus the Conservative party began to privatize the nationalized industry;On the other hand,the Labour party became less“socialist”,giving up its commitment to“public ownership of the means of production”.In the mid-90s,the Labour party regain the power,and its new leader Tony Blair won the elec

31、tion in 1997.POLITICAL CONDITIONS Tony Blair became the first Labour Prime Minister ever to win a third consecutive term when he was re-elected on May 5,2005.Labour has a 62-seat majority in the House of Commons.The Conservative(Tory)Party and Liberal-Democrats(LibDems)form the major opposition part

32、ies.Blair stepped down as Prime Minister in June 2007.Labour Party leader Gordon Brown succeeded him.The main British parties support a strong transatlantic link,but are increasingly absorbed by European issues as Britains economic and political ties to the continent grow in the post-Cold War world.

33、Prime Minister Brown has continued Blairs policy of having the United Kingdom play a leading role in Europe even as the United Kingdom maintains its strong bilateral relationship with the United States.EconomyGDP(at current market prices,2008):$2.68 trillion.Annual growth rate(2008):0.7%.Natural res

34、ources:Coal,oil,natural gas,tin,limestone,iron ore,salt,clay,chalk,gypsum,lead,silica.Agriculture(1%of GDP):Products-cereals,oilseed,potatoes,vegetables,cattle,sheep,poultry,fish.Industry:Types-steel,heavy engineering and metal manufacturing,textiles,motor vehicles and aircraft,construction(6%of GDP

35、),electronics,chemicals.Services(75%of GDP):Types-financial,business,distribution,transport,communication,hotels.Trade(2008):Exports of goods and services-$458.8 billion:manufactured goods,fuels,chemicals;food,beverages,tobacco.Major markets-U.S.,European Union.Imports of goods and services-$630.7 b

36、illion:manufactured goods,machinery,fuels,foodstuffs.Major suppliers-U.S.,European Union,Japan,and China.Absolute decline and relative decline of British economyBy the 1880s,the British economy was dominant in the world,producing one third of the worlds manufactured goods,half its coal and iron,half

37、 its cotton.The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the world put together.But after the WW,British economy has declined.Reasons?(p.69)The United Kingdom has the sixth-largest economy in the world,is the third-largest economy in the European Union,and is a major internati

38、onal trading power.A highly developed,diversified,market-based economy with extensive social welfare services provides most residents with a high standard of living.Unemployment and inflation levels are amongst the lowest within the European Union.The United Kingdoms economy was hit by turmoil in th

39、e financial markets.It entered a recession in the third quarter of 2008,accompanied by rising unemployment which increased from 5.2%in January 2008 to 7.9%in July 2009.In response,the British Government implemented a wide-ranging stability and recovery plan that included a fiscal stimulus package,ba

40、nk recapitalization,and credit stimulus schemes.London banks have laid off workers and many have scaled back their international operations.Two U.K.banks,Northern Rock and Bradford&Bingley,have been nationalized while the British Government has taken a significant share in two others.Londons financi

41、al exports contribute greatly to the United Kingdoms gross domestic product,but its contribution is expected to be considerably lessened in the next few years.London is a global leader in emissions trading and is home to the Alternative Investment Market(AIM).It is also a government priority to make

42、 London the leading center of Islamic finance.The United Kingdom is the European Unions only significant energy exporter.It is also one of the worlds largest energy consumers,and most analysts predict a shift in U.K.status from net exporter to net importer of energy by 2020,possibly sooner.Oil produ

43、ction in the U.K.is leveling off.While North Sea natural gas production continues to rise,gains may be offset by ever-increasing consumption.North Sea oil and gas exploration activities are shifting to smaller fields and to increments of larger,developed fields,presenting opportunities for smaller,i

44、ndependent energy operators to become active in North Sea production.Class upper middle classmiddle class(“white collar”)lower middle classworking class(“blue collar”)(51%)Hereditary aristocracy:Duke,Marquis,Comte,Vicomte,BaronEducation System1944,Education Act was enacted,all children were given th

45、e right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children has access to a good education.In the 1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country.private school vs.state school Pre-primary school(before 5)Primary school(5 to 11)Secondary school(11 to 19

46、)UniversityGrammar schools-where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university.Vocational schools-where less successful pupils were sent to learn trades.LiteratureEarly Writings Beowulf “old English”The Canterbury Tales “middle English”Elizabethan Drama(Renaissance Dra

47、ma)Christopher Marlowe,Ben Johnson,William Shakespeare “modern English”The Romantic Period Poems William Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Percy B.shelley,Lord Byron,John KeatsThe Realistic Period NovelsCharles Dickens David Copperfield,Great ExpectationThomas Hardy The Return of the Native,Tess of

48、 the DUrbervilles,Jude the ObscureThe Modern Period Joseph Conrad The Heart of DarknessVirginia Woolf Mrs.Dalloway,To the Lighthouse D.H.Lawrence Sons and LoversDEFENSE AND FOREIGN RELATIONSThe United Kingdom is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)and is one of NATOs maj

49、or European maritime,air,and land powers;it ranks third among NATO countries in total defense expenditure.The United Kingdom has been a member of the European Community(now European Union)since 1973.In the United Nations,the United Kingdom is a permanent member of the Security Council.The U.K.held t

50、he Presidency of the G-8 during 2005;it held the EU Presidency from July to December 2005.The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas territories,promoting Britains wider security interests,and supporting international peacekeeping efforts.The 37,000-memb