学术英语(社科)Unit.ppt

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1、学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences5 5Sociology MattersCultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences.In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop,and how cultures influence one another through their technological,commercial,and ar

2、tistic achievements.Unit 5Sociology Matters Unit ContentsText AText BListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inText CLead-inTask Read the first paragraph of the text.Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China.1 _2 _Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking

3、Difficult sentencesGroup discussionEnglish language for academic purpose Collocations Signpost language Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisAnalyzing the text by explaining key terms1 Culturethe totality of learned,socially transmitted custo

4、ms,knowledge,material objects,and behaviorUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis2 Cultural universalsadaptations to meet essential human needs,such as peoples need for food,shelter,and clothinge.g.athletic sports,cooking,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexu

5、al restrictions(Anthropologist George Murdock)(Para.2)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysisthe process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture:1)discovery:making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of realitye.g.the finding of the DNA mo

6、lecule;identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5)2)invention:an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.e.g.the bow and arrow,automobile,the Internet(Para.5)3 InnovationUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text A

7、Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies,cultures,social movements,and financial markets through trade and the exchange of idease.g.Starbucks in China(Para.6)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis5 Diffusion the process

8、 by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.e.g.Diffusion can occur through a variety of means:exploration,military conquest,missionary work,the influence or the mass media,tourism,and the Internet.(Para.7)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of

9、Text AText Analysis6 McDonaldization the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society,both in the United States and throughout the worldUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AMcDonaldization is associat

10、ed with the melting of cultures.Examples:In Japan:African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States.(Para.9)In Austria:the McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee,cake,and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food

11、 chain.(Para.9)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AIn some societies,McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries.Examples:In Canada:35%of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or a

12、rtists.(Para.10)In Brazil:Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi,a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls.(Para.10)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis7 Technologycultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to

13、satisfy human needs and desirese.g.Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements.(Para.11)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis8 Material culturethe physical or technological aspects of our dai

14、ly lives,including food items,houses,factories,and raw materialsUnit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis9 Nonmaterial cultureways of using material objects and customs,beliefs,philosophies,governments,and patterns of communication It is more resistant to chan

15、ge than material culture.Unit 5Sociology MattersText ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Analysis10 Cultural lagthe period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditionse.g.the ethics of using the Internet,such as issues concerning priv

16、acy and censorship(Para.12)Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesThe cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.(Para.3)These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies,but these prac

17、tices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesEach generation,and each year for that matter,most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion.(Para.4)For that matter is used to show tha

18、t a statement is true in another situation.Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly.Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesToday,more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders,transforming the traditions and customs of the societies expo

19、sed to them.(Para.7)Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other.Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence.Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesSociologist George Ritzer coined the term“McDonaldization”

20、(Para.8)Coin:to use a word or phrase that no one has used before.Coining of new terms is common in social science studies,often serving to introduce a new concept or theory.Her wardrobe includes(Para.10)The clothes that the Brazilian doll hasUnit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesTodays tec

21、hnological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation.Press conferences,often carried simultaneously on the Internet,now trumpet new developments.(Para.11)Today when new technology is developed,it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals;rather i

22、t normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information.Unit 5Sociology MattersText ADifficult sentencesthe ethics of using the Internet,particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship,have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology.(Para.12)The Internet

23、 ethical issues,particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully discussed and well developed,thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.Unit 5Sociology MattersText AGroup DiscussionIt is said that people in different societies take different attitudes towar

24、d diffusion.What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward diffusion?Use examples to illustrate your point.Unit 5Sociology MattersCollocationText AEnglish language for academic purpose1.人们对衣食住的需求人们对衣食住的需求2.推出新概念推出新概念3.解除现有的工作关系解除现有的工作关系4.改变社会传统和习俗改变社会传统和习俗 Task 1 Translate the following express

25、ions related to sociology into English(P96)peoples need for food,shelter,and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions and customs of the societyUnit 5Sociology Matters1Text AEnglish language for academic purpose dilute the distinctive aspects

26、 of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship5.削弱社会文化中的特殊方面削弱社会文化中的特殊方面6.来自于其他国家的文化侵略来自于其他国家的文化侵略7.满足人类的需求和欲望满足人类的需求和欲望8.关于隐私和审查的问题关于隐私和审查的问题CollocationTask 1 Translate the following expressions related to s

27、ociology into English(P96)Unit 5Sociology Matters1Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.(P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Mattershuman needs and desires level of privacymaterial culture social consequencesworking relationship worldw

28、ide integration2Text A2Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.(P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters1.Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information.2.This book presents a comprehensive ana

29、lysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan.3.Sociologists use the term“globalization”to refer to the resulting _ of government policies,cultures,social movements and financial markets.level of privacysocial consequencesworldwide integration2Text ATask 1 Complete the sentences with the c

30、ollocations in the box.(P97)English language for academic purposeCollocation Unit 5Sociology Matters4.A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members.5.In the social sciences,“_”is a term that refers to the relationship between

31、artifacts and social relations.6.Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.human needs and desiresmaterial cultureworking relationship2Signpost language may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional

32、groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classifiedText AEnglish language for academic purposeTask 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.Unit 5Sociology MattersText AIn academic writing,claims are ofte

33、n couched in tentative language.This is known as hedging.English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishModal auxiliary verbs:can,could,may,might,should,would Other modal verbs:appear,look,seem,tend Probability adjectives:likely,possible,probable,unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps,possibly,pro

34、bably,presumably Frequency adverbs:generally,occasionally,often,seldom,usually Unit 5Sociology MattersText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98)English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters1.The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal

35、,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.For example,one society _ let its members choose their own marriage partners.Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.maymaymayText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98)Formal EnglishUnit

36、 5Sociology Matters2.Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies,cultures,social movements,and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.3.One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized:“People respond to incent

37、ives.The rest is commentary.”maycouldEnglish language for academic purposeText A2Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98)Formal EnglishUnit 5Sociology Matters4.When deciding how safely to drive,rational people compare,_ unconsciously,the marginal benefit from safer driving to the

38、 marginal cost.5.Economists,like astronomers and evolutionary biologists,_ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them.6.Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.likelyusuallyperhapsEnglish language for academic purposeText BCr

39、itical reading and thinkingDifficult sentencesEnglish language for academic purposeResearchingUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Sociologists view on globalization“Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.”(Charles Tilly)tourist gazethe expectat

40、ion on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroadCritical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Effects of globalization on international tourismGlobalization has greatly expanded the possibilities for international

41、travel.(Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it)High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B exotic experiencesexperi

42、ences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are supposed to proceed e.g.Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3)Critical reading and thinking Mai

43、n points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText B Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic.e.g.the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists(Para.4)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BWhat can sociologists study

44、 about the tourist increases with the march of globalization?e.g.dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between tourists and locals;whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic(Para.6)Critical reading and thinking Main points of the textUnit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentenc

45、esAmericans,of course,have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para.1)Americans,of course,have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically an

46、d culturally diverse nation.Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentences“globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions”(Para.1)Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that

47、reaches beyond the local area.Unit 5Sociology MattersText BDifficult sentencesHigh levels of international tourism,of course,translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.(Para.3)High levels of international tourism,of course,leads to an

48、increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.Unit 5Sociology MattersCollocation witness the effects of globalizationsocial interaction a proportion ofdelight inbe disconcerting totake pleasure input strains onwith the march of globalizationText BEnglish language for

49、academic purposeUnit 5Sociology MattersTeam work:Form groups of 4-5 and conduct a research about Chinese tourists traveling abroad.The following prompts may be helpful:the number of Chinese tourists abroad every yearthe countries they visit and the length they stay therethe aspects or things they ar

50、e interested intheir shopping behaviorshow the tourists interact with locals Researching Unit 5Sociology MattersText BTask 1(P103)1.The“tourist gaze”refers to the expectation of a tourist when he or she travels abroad to have experiences different from that he or she enjoys back at home.2.The touris