口译技巧-数字.ppt

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1、口译技巧之数字口译口译技巧之数字口译Outline导入练习数字口译概述分数和小数的口译模糊数字的口译特殊倍数的口译趋势数字的口译实战训练Reading and interpreting numbers properlynRead the following numbers in Englishn123n一万n100000000n87654321nInterpretingnumbersn1亿？n100mn,0.1bnn150billion?n15亿?nE.g.Thisamountwouldbeenoughtoserviceits$10 billions debt.nAmE or BrE?n十亿n

2、一百亿n一千亿n一万亿（avoidusing兆）nInterpretingChineseordinalnumbersnChallenges:culturaldifferencescognitiveloadsnE.g.1这是您第几次访问中国？nE.g.2你们队得了第几名？nE.g.2令公子排行第几？InChineseweoftenhearortalkaboutordinalnumbers.IfweinterpretinEnglish,wehavetochangethewaysofasking/inquiry.n这是您第几次来中国？IsthisyourfirstvisittoChina?Thisi

3、sntyourfirstvisittoChina,isit?HowmanytimeshaveyoubeeninChina?n你们队得了第几名？Didyourteamwinthechampionship?Didyouget/winthefirstplaceinthecompetition?n这孩子是（你的）老几呀？Isthisyouroldest/youngestchild/son/daughter?数字口译数字口译n数字翻译是口译中的一大难关，数字之所以难译，其中一个主要原因在于英语和汉语对于四位数以上的数字的表达，有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英语数字以每三位数为一段位，而汉语则以每四位数为一

4、段位。不同的表达方式不同的表达方式英语英语分节号：分节号：thousand,thousand,million,million,billion billion（十亿）（十亿）汉语汉语档位：个、十、百、千、档位：个、十、百、千、万、亿万、亿1,0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0bmth亿万千数字的翻译口译数字的关键在于记录口译数字的关键在于记录填空计数填空计数bmth十亿亿千万百万十万万千百十个第一段位OneTenHundred第二段位ThousandTen thousandHundred thousand第三段位MillionTen millionHundred million第四段位Billi

5、onTen billionHundred billion第五段位Trillion第一段位个 十 百 千 第二段位万十万 百万 千万第三段位亿十亿百亿千亿第四段位兆（万亿）汉语数字分段法：英语数字分段法：阿拉伯数字阿拉伯数字英英语语汉语汉语1One一10Ten十100Onehundred一百1，000Onethousand一千10，000Tenthousand一万(首位*10)thousand100，000Onehundredthousand十万(首位*10)thousand1，000，000Onemillion一百万10，000，000Tenmillion一千万(首位*10)million10

6、0，000，000Onehundredmillion一亿(首位*100)million1，000，000，000Onebillion十亿(首位/10)billion10，000，000，000Tenbillion一百亿(首位/10)billion100，000，000，000Onehundredbillion一千亿(首位/10)billion1，000，000，000，000Onetrillion一兆（万亿）Common mistakes in interpreting numbersmulti-digitalnumbersntimesnapproximatenumbersnPronounci

7、ngnumbersn14%?40%?nTip:13%-19%commonmispronunciationsnHearingnumbersnS/SEAsians14%=40%?nU.S.1000=onethousand?Tenhundred?2.数字的翻译数字的翻译n一万：一万：10 thousandn十万：十万：100 thousandn百万：百万：millionn千万：千万：10 millionn亿：亿：100 millionn十亿：十亿：a billion数字的翻译n分节号的作用分节号的作用five thousand 5,thirty-two thousand 32,five millio

8、n 5,twenty five million 25,one billion 1,n用横向方式表现为：billionmillionthousand万千百十千百十亿，亿万万，万万千，百十个2，863，589，400汉语读作：二十八亿六千三百五十八万九千四百英语读作：twobillion,eighthundredsixty-threemillion,fivehundredeighty-ninethousandandfourhundredn实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。口译教学要集中一段时间专门进行数字口译训练。译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口

9、而出，快速、准确的程度。nRead the following figures in Chinese:3,8993,9087,00930,00990,59179,301780,120504,781312,6852,345,4101,129,1051,001,45331,289,09810,209,01324,155,876160,890,232101,870,171278,067,9911,898,220,0001,029,991,12490,892,134,783672,009,719,2298,890,234,891,889135,481,901,270nRead the followin

10、g Chinese figures in English,and write down the figures in Arabic figures:n六万n五十七万n四百七十六万n九百六十一万n五千九百三十三万n七百五十亿n十一亿七千五百万n三千五百三十八万五千n九亿三千六百七十七万七千分数和小数的口译分数和小数的口译 Fractions(cardinal no./ordinal no.)六分之一：六分之一：二分之一：二分之一：四分之一：四分之一：四分之三：四分之三：one-sixtha/one halfa/one quarterthree quarters 8%eightpercentn15

11、%fifteenpercentn42%forty-twopercentn4.35%fourpointthreefivepercentn0.5%pointfivepercentn4.032fourpointnaughtthreetwon71.006seventy-onepointnaughtnaughtsix n1/2onehalf;ahalfn1/3onethirdn1/4aquartern3/5three-fifthsn7/8seven-eighthsn1/10one-tenthn1/100one-hundredth；onepercentn1/1000one-thousandthn14/10

12、00fourteen-thousandthsn1/10000one-tenthousandthsn2-1/2twoandahalfn4-2/3fourandtwo-thirds分数和小数的口译分数和小数的口译五分之二：五分之二：十分之七：十分之七：千分之三：千分之三：two-fifthsseven-tenthsthree-thousandths分数和小数的口译分数和小数的口译 Fractions六十分之九十七：六十分之九十七：七十五分之三十四：七十五分之三十四：ninety-seven over sixty-threethirty-four over seventy-five 分数和小数的口译

13、分数和小数的口译六又七分之四：六又七分之四：六又二分之一：六又二分之一：九又四分之三：九又四分之三：six and four-seventhssix and a halfnine and three quarters分数和分数和小数的口译小数的口译0.7:0.546:0.009%:point seven;zero point sevenpoint five four sixzero point o o nine percent分数和分数和小数的口译小数的口译9.007：87.36%:nine point 0 0 seven；nine point zero zero seveneighty-se

14、ven point three six percent分数和分数和小数的口译小数的口译0.8 万万：0.7亿：亿：0.93亿：亿：56.08万：万：8，000；eight thousand70,000,000;seventy million93,000,000;ninety-three million560,800;five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundrednExamplesn1.中国的劳动力有7亿4千万，而欧美所有发达国家的劳动力只有4亿3千万。中国每年新增劳动力1000万，下岗和失业人口大约1400万，进城的农民工一般保持在1亿2000万。中

15、国面临巨大的就业压力，中国13亿人口有9亿农民，目前没有摆脱贫困的有3000万左右，这是按每年人均收入625元的标准计算的。n1.The population of this city in 2004 was 1.The population of this city in 2004 was 78,872,890.78,872,890.nThe natural reserve takes up an area of The natural reserve takes up an area of 123,880,000 square kilometers.123,880,000 square k

16、ilometers.nThe coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 meters.meters.nThe number of college graduates will climb to The number of college graduates will climb to a record high of 3,28 million this summer,an a record high of 3,28 million this summer,an

17、increase of 540,000,or 34%,over the year increase of 540,000,or 34%,over the year 2000.2000.nAustralia,with its landmass of 7,686,850 Australia,with its landmass of 7,686,850 square kilometers,or 2,967,893 square miles,square kilometers,or 2,967,893 square miles,has a population of 18,742,000.has a

18、population of 18,742,000.n2.tenyearsago,Chinahad1075fulltimeinstitutionsofhigherlearningwith88,100graduatesand1,320,000undergraduates.Sofar,intertiaryinstitutionsthereare1,700researchinstitutesofnaturalscience.n3.shanghaigenerated144.77billionyuanintotaltax,Corporateincometaxroseby16.6percentto88.17

19、billionyuanandindividualincometaxwas13.41billionyuan,up41percent.n4.Chinasforeignreserves,theworldssecondlargestafterJapan,hasincreasedby48.4percenttoUS$383.9billionfromthepreviousyear.n5.ShanghaiVolkswagen,Chinaslargestautomaker,isplanningtoinvestaminimumofUS$120milliononnewproductdevelopmentineach

20、ofthenextfiveyearswithanaimtodoubleitannualsalesto600,000units.Itachievedcombinedsalesof400,000unitslastyear,a32percentincreasefromayearearlier.n模糊数字的口译模糊数字的口译 口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下模糊数字的口译n几个n十几个n几十个n几十年n七十好几了n好几百个n成千上万/千千万万n几十万nnsome;a

21、few;/several;anumberofnmorethan10;nomorethantwentyndozensofnDecadesnwelloverseventynhundredsofnthousandsofnhundredsofthousandsofNotethefollowingwaysofuncertainnumbers七十好几了七十好几了七十好几了七十好几了welloverseventy二十刚出头二十刚出头二十刚出头二十刚出头inher/hisearlytwenties三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）三十大几了（快四十了）inher/hislate

22、thirties千千万万千千万万千千万万千千万万thousandsandthousandsof好几百个好几百个好几百个好几百个hundredsof成千上万成千上万成千上万成千上万thousandsuponthousandof几十万几十万几十万几十万hundredsofthousandsof数以百万计的数以百万计的数以百万计的数以百万计的millionsof亿万亿万亿万亿万(人人人人)hundredsofmillionsof十年十年十年十年adecade二十年二十年二十年二十年ascore/fourscoreandsevenyearsago三十年三十年三十年三十年(25-30)(25-30)ag

23、eneration五十年五十年五十年五十年halfacentury一百年的一百年的一百年的一百年的centennial一百年一百年一百年一百年/世纪世纪世纪世纪Century特殊倍数的表达特殊倍数的表达n到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番,达到40,000亿美元左右nQuadruplenBy2020,ChinasGDPwillquadruplethatof2000toapproximatelyUSD4trillion.n今年的粮食产量比去年增长2成.n20%nTheoutputofgrainthisyearincreasedby20%overthelastyear.Usefulve

24、rbsn位居世界第二nIsrankedthesecond/n中国经济总量位居世界第六，进出口贸易额居世界第四。nChinaseconomyisrankedthe6thintheworldanditsforeigntradeisrankedthe4th.nChinaistheworldssixthlargesteconomyandthefourthlargesttrader.n上涨，增长nTorise,toincrease,toclimb,togoup,tojump,tosoarnAsharp/considerable/slightincrease/risen下降，减少nTofall,todro

25、p,todecline,todecrease,toreduce，togodownnAsharp/slightdrop/declinenTotal总计n去年收入总计人民币150亿元，比上年增长20%nTherevenueoflastyeartotaledRMB15byuan,a20%increaseoverthepreviousyear.Shortexpressionsn今年为,比上年上涨了n,a%increaseovertheprevious/lastyearn,up%.n,tonsmorethanlastyear.n全年产量nTheannualoutputofn年均进口增速达到20%nThe

26、importgrowsatanannualrateof20%.n国民经济继续保持平稳较快增长。国内生产总值超过30万亿元，比上年增长9%；物价总水平涨幅得到控制；财政收入6.13万亿元，增长19.5%；粮食连续五年增产，总产量10570亿斤，创历史最高水平。nThenationaleconomycontinuedtomaintainsteadyandrapidgrowth.GDPtopped30trillionyuan,anincreaseof9%overthepreviousyear.Overallpriceriseswereheldincheck.Governmentrevenuewas6

27、.13trillionyuan,anincreaseof19.5%.Grainoutputroseforthefifthconsecutiveyearandtotaled528.5milliontons,arecordhigh.n1.theannualaddedvalueofindustryisRMB6.2815trillionyuan,anincreaseof11.5%overlastyear.n2.theannualoutputofgrainis469,470,000tons,38,770,000tonsmorethanlastyearandanincreaseof9.1%.n3.thea

28、nnualtotalvolumeofimportandexportisUSD1.1548trillion,anincreaseof35.7%overlastyear.n4.theannualvolumeofcontractedforeigncapitalisUSD153.5billion,anincreaseof33.4%,andactuallyutilizedforeigncapitalisUSD60.6billion,anincreaseof13.3%.n5.theannualnumberofinboundtouristsis109,040,000,andtheincomefromfore

29、igncurrencyisUSD25.7billion,anincreaseof47.9%.增增/减倍数的口译减倍数的口译英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times.A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B.

30、这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N-1倍”。根据以上规律，请看下面英语句子的汉译：n(1)The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.n地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)n(2)Since mid-century,the global economy has nearly quintupled,While the population has doubled,demand for grain has nearly tripled,and the burning of fossil fue

31、ls has increased nearly fourfold.n自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。n(3)Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.n30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。n(4)Although London covers less than 400,000 acres,it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times

32、 its area-to provide it with food,timber,and other resources,and to absorb its pollution.n虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。n汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类：n第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。n第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍；这两类说法含义不同。n第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。n第二类表示净增倍数。n因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不

33、同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用(N+1)times 来表示。例如：n去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。nThe sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.nThe sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.n汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔

34、细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数，然后决定用N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。(1)过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。nInthepast20years,Chinasgrossdomesticproductincreasednearlysixtimes.n(2)1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。nChinaspercapitaGDPwentupby4.4timesbetween1978and1997.n(3)中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。nThepercapitaliv

35、ingspaceforurbanresidentsinChinaexpandedfrom3.6squaremetersin1978to8.8squaremetersin1997,ariseof2.4times.n(4)1949年至1998年,中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨,增长3.5倍,年平均增长3.1%,是人口增长率的2.5倍。nChinastotalgrainoutputincreasedfrom110milliontonsin1949to510milliontonsin1998,oranincreaseofover4.5times,withanaverageannualgr

36、owthrateof3.1percent,2.5timesthatofthepopulationgrowth.n(5)1997年,全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人,其中研究生18万人,分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。nIn1997，6.08millionstudentswerestudyingincollegesanduniversities,including180,000postgraduates,2.2timesand9.6timesthefiguresof1979respectively.n由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少了几成”的说法，因

37、此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。n(1)由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。nOwing to flood,the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.n(2)该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。nThe personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.n(3)1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少了近一半。nIn 1998，the targets of res

38、tructuring governmental institutions were met.Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.增增/减百分比的口译减百分比的口译n“增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种：n1)增/减了%nincrease/rise/grow%ndecrease/drop/fall/sink%n或者nincrease/rise/grow/go up by

39、%ndecrease/drop/fall/go down by%n(1)Between 1986 and 1987,Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.n与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果，从1986到1987年，耐克（鞋）的销售额下降了18%，利润下降了40%多。n(2)By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average,in 1995 and

40、 1996,Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile,Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period.n靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。n(3)Procter&Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as

41、8%.n(美国)普罗科特甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。n(4)Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30%last year.n去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。n(5)In the fiscal year of 2000,ending on March 30,export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan,10 percent in Thailand,9.9 percent in South Kore

42、a and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong.However,the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.n在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰国10%、南韩9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了第一季度7.5%的可观增长。n(6)In America,the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,5

43、60 in 1997,down 8.7 percent from 1992,while the number between(the age of)25 to 34 fell 28 percent.n在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。n2)与相比，增/减了%nincrease/rise/grow/go up by%(as)compared with/as against/as opposed to/overndecrease/drop/fall/go down by%(as)compared with/a

44、s against/as opposed to/overn(1)1999年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.n(2)同1997年相比，1998年工业排污减少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了2.6%。Compared with 1997,the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent,while that of domestic sew

45、age rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.n(3)因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%，其中进口总额下降1.5%；出口总额增长0.5%。As a result of Asian financial crises,Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year,of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent,and the value of e

46、xport went up by 0.5 percent.n3)增/减率be%increase/rise/growthbe%decrease/drop/declineanincrease/arise/agrowthrateof%adecrease/drop/declineof%be%up/downbeup/down%n1999年，中国外贸出口达1949亿美元，比上年增长6.1%。nChinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999,a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.n1998年，中国

47、全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次，比上年增长10.2%,国际旅游收入达126亿美元,增长4.4%。nIn 1998,China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas,up by 10.2 percent.Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars,up 4.4 percent.n4)增/减具体数字的英译也可用“by”+具体数字来表示。n我国水土流失面积每年以10,000平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积已达367万平方公里,占总土地面

48、积将近38%。The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km.annually to 3.67 million square km.at present,accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area.n由于低温多雨的影响,我国夏粮减产1460万吨。Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy

49、days during the growing period.n汉语增/减百分数的英译还有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英语的增/减百分数都是净增/减数。n实践实践是训练数字互译的根本途径。n译员只有经过大量反复的数字口译实践才能掌握英汉数字互译的不同特点和规律，达到数字互译脱口而出，快速、准确的程度。英语中有丰富的描述数字上升、下降或稳定的词汇，即趋势语（trendlanguage）。如下列句子中划线的词汇：nTheareaofcultivatedlanddecreasedby7.6millionhectares,buttheyieldperhectarerosebyanaverageo

50、f180kg.nAverageannualgrainsupplyperpersongrowfrom200to400kg,andmeatfrom9to15kg.下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：下面列举一些英语中常用来表达趋势的词汇：n表示上升趋势：表示上升趋势：anincrease增加,arise提高,aclimb爬升,ajump上升,agrowth增长;toincrease增加,torise提高,toclimb爬升,tojump上升,togrow增长,toreach升至,togoup上升。n表示下降趋势表示下降趋势：afall下降,adrop跌落,adecline下跌,adecreas