商务沟通大英写作.ppt

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1、Business CommunicationnIn this class,students will learn:nMain terms.nStructure of some genres in textbook.Objectives章节设计章节设计n具体写作体裁的每一章节一般分为四个部分：1.Introduction 1.1Definition2.Classification3.Genre Features 3.1Communicative Purposes 3.2 Linguistic Features 3.3 Structural Features4.Writing Techniques

2、TermsChapter 1FundamentalsofBusinessCommunicationCommunication is an exchange of messagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencing the meaning that others assign toevents.(p.4)Keypoints:exchangeofmessages（沟通的实质：交流信息）creatingorinfluencing（沟通的目的：相互影响和融合）TheProcessofCommunication(9elements

3、)Senders（信息发送者）(P5)nParticipantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.Message（信息）(P5)nAmessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.Encoding（编码）(P6)nTheactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintention

4、almessageiscalledencoding.Channel（渠道、媒介）nChannelisthemediumthroughwhichthemessagesenderthemessagereceivercommunicate.Decoding（解码）nTheactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.nReceiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)Feedba

5、ck（信息反馈）nFeedbackconsistsofmessagesverbalandnonverbalthatconveyareactiontothecommunicatorsmessage.Noise（干扰因素）nItreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternalnoise(最典型)SemanticnoiseContextnThecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceand

6、toeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.PhysicalcontextSocialcontextInterpersonalcontextTheFlowofCommunication(P8)The Flow of CommunicationUpward communication Messages flowing from subordinates to superiorsDownward communicationWhenever superiors initiate messages to their subordinatesHorizontal comm

7、unicationConsists of messages between members of an organization with equal powerCommunicationandCultureHigh-context cultureand Low-context cultureEdward T.HallnHigh-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindivid

8、ualsinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-context cultureP 10nLow-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Low-context cultureChapter2Contrastive Rhetoric in Busines

9、s Communication（对比修辞学）（对比修辞学）ContrastiveRhetoric对比修辞学对比修辞学(P16)ncontrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.nItisbelievedthatthe

10、linguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.n对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。n并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。Culture is the way we do things around here,and it is how people think,feel,and act.Culture(P17)Language,as

11、we know,varies with culture,anddiffers among nations and geographic locations.LanguageRhetoric is the way we put together language to affect an audience,and each audience has certain expectations of rhetorical structure based on the traditional forms of rhetoric in their culture.RhetoricStereotype文化

12、定势（P18）notshownintextbooknStereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）Power distance（权力距离）notshownintextbooknPower distance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutio

13、nsand organizations accept that power isdistributedunequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。Chapter 3Management and Organizational StructureManagement管理（P28）nManagementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganiza

14、tion.n管理（管理（management）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）Efficiency 效率效率/Effectiveness 效果效果nEfficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.n效率（效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。nEffectivenessisachievedwhentheorganization

15、pursuesappropriategoals.n效果（效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。ProcessofManagement管理过程（P28）nPlanning involves setting goals and defining the actions necessary to achieve those goals.计划计划（planning）：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。nOrganizing involves det

16、ermining the tasks to be done,who will do them,and how those tasks will be managed and coordinate.组织（组织（organizing）：）：安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。nLeading refers to the managers must also be

17、 capable of leading the members of their work group toward the accomplishment of the organizations goals.领导（领导（leading）：）：管理者具备管理者具备能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。nManagers must monitor the performance of their organizations,as well as their progress in implementing strategic and operational plans.

18、控控制（制（controlling）：监控、比较、纠正的过程。：监控、比较、纠正的过程。Levelsofmanagement（P30）n基层管理者（基层管理者（first-line managers）：）：Supervise the individuals who are directly responsible for producing the organizations product or delivering it service.最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产线线长或工长；n中层管理者（中层管理

19、者（middle managers）：）：supervise first-line managers or staff department.They are responsible for the firms short-term decisions.包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；n高层管理者（高层管理者（top managers）:make decisions regarding the firms long-run objectives.他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制

20、定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。Definition of Organizing（P 31）nOrganizing refers to the process of determining the tasks to be done,who will do them,and how those tasks will be managed and coordinated.n组织：组织：安排工作以实现组织目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。JobD

21、esign工作设计（P32）nJob design or work arrangement(or rearrangement)aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks.n作设计作设计(Job design)是为减少或克服员工由于重复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。Organizational Structure组织结构组织结构nOrganizational Stru

22、cture refers to the primary reporting relationships that exist within an organization.n组织结构组织结构(Organizational Structure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理系统的“框架”Chain of Command 命令链命令链（P33）nChain of command can be defined briefly as the structure of decision-making resp

23、onsibilities from the higher levels of authority to the lower levelsn命令链命令链(chain of command):从高权力阶从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。Span of Control(控制跨度控制跨度)nSpan of control refers to the member of employees that report a single manager.控制跨度控制跨度(span of control)：向：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。单一管理者回报的员工的数量。Li

24、ne and Staff（运行与辅助人员）（运行与辅助人员）（P 34）nLine personnel are directly involved in delivering the product or service of the organization.Line personnel（运行人员）（运行人员）直接参与产品的组织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。nStaff personnel are not part of the product or service delivery system chain of command,but rather provide suppor

25、t to line personnel.Staff personnel（辅助人员）：（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。Chapter 4Business MeetingsMeeting会议（P38）nMeetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformanceandprogressofsubordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.2.TypesofMeetings To Develop New Ideas To Make Decisions To Delegate

26、Work To CollaborateTypes of Meetings To Inform To Persuade OthersnTo Inform 通知型会议nUseameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviously.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.nTo Develop New Ideas 探讨型会议nAtthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,

27、democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.nTo Make Decisions 决策型会议nDecision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.nTo Delegate Work 委派工作型会议nMeetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenre

28、sponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecision-makingmeetings.nTo Collaborate合作型会议nCollaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Col

29、laborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.nTo Persuade Others 说服型会议nPersuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsupportforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.TheProc

30、essofMeetingPlanning a MeetingConducting the MeetingClose the MeetingChapter 5Fundamentals of Business WritingIdentifyYourPurpose（P48）nGeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）nSpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseekingSelecting the appropriate mediumMessage formality（信息的正式性）Sender intentions（信

31、息发出者的意图）Audience preferences（听众的喜好）Urgency and cost（迫切性与成本）P 49Direct PlanDirect Plan（直接式）（直接式）（直接式）（直接式）nLow-contextculturesnTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.Indirect PlanIndirect Plan（间接式（间接式（间接式（间接式nHigh-contextculturesnAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.Writing Rou

32、tine and Good-News Messages（P 50）TheDirectApproachMain IdeaStep 1Details and ExplanationsStep 2Future-oriented CloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the MessageTheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep 1Main IdeaStep 2CourteousCloseStep 3Flow of the MessageSubstance of the MessageWriting Bad-News

33、Messages（P 51）Direct PlanIndirect Plan1.bad news2.reasons3.positive close1.buffer2.reasons3.bad news4.positive closeWriting Persuasive Messages（P 52）Attention（引起注意）Interest（兴趣）Desire（需求）Action（行动）Chapter 6Note-takingNote-taking记笔记（P58）nNote-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatrans

34、ient(短暂的）source,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture.Genre Features of Note-taking（P 60）nLinguistic FeaturesnWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdont usetheauthorswords,useyourown.Abbreviatewhereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.Tec

35、hniques for Taking Notes（P60）Methods of Note-takingThe Cornell MethodThe Outline MethodThe Mapping MethodThe Sentence MethodThe Charting Methodn nThe Cornell Method The Cornell Method 科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法科内尔法nTheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.n

36、 nThe Outline MethodThe Outline Method（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法）（提纲法）1.Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.n nThe Mapping MethodThe Mapping Method（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）（图示法）nMappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelatee

37、achfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresentationofthecontentofameeting.n nThe Charting Method(The Charting Method(列表法列表法列表法列表法)nIftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.n nThe Sentence MethodThe Sentence

38、Method（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）（截句法）nWriteeverynewthought,factortopiconaseparateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.Chapter 7 SummarySummary 摘要摘要（P 72）A summary is a short version of a longer text,and it gives only the main points.概概要要(summ

39、ary)是是一一种种对对原原始始文文献献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。Classification of SummariesSummaryDescriptive SummaryInformative SummaryEvaluative SummarynDescriptive Summary 描述型/说明型概要nAdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractnInformative Summary 信息型概要（P 74）nTheinformativesummarytellswhatis

40、intheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.nEvaluative Summary 评价型概要（P 75）nitmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluativesummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,

41、alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.Structural Features of Summaries（P 77）nThe format most often includes:a title,paragraphs,authors name and a date.nShort sentences are normally required,but numbered points and/or other graphic devices may also be used.nThe length of a summary varies accord

42、ing to its purpose;however,it should generally be no more than one-fourth the length of the original.Chapter 8GraphsGraphs 图表/图解（P84）nGraphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtrends,movements,distributions,andcycles.Types of GraphsnLine graphs(折线图折线图)areusedtotrackchangestra

43、ckchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftimeovershortandlongperiodsoftime.LinegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftimeformorethanonegroupnPie charts(饼状图饼状图)canbeusedtocomparecomparepartsofawholepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesdonotshowchangesovertimeovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentageso

44、fawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.nBar graphs(柱状图柱状图)areusedtocomparethingscomparethingsbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertimeovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime

45、,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.nArea graphs(面积曲线图面积曲线图)areverysimilartosimilartolinegraphslinegraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackchangesovertimeforoneormoregroupsforoneormoregroups.nX-Y Plot(X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasur

46、eoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.Types of Data（P85）nThedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastime series data(时间序列时间序列数据数据).n时间序列数据时间序列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。nDatathatis characterized by individual units.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcount

47、ries.Withsuchcross-sectional data(横截横截面数据面数据),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).n横截面数据横截面数据是指在某一时点某一时点收集的不同对象的数据，可指在同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异nSomedatasetswillhaveboth a time series both a time series and a

48、cross-sectional componentand a cross-sectional component.Thisdataisreferredtoaspanel data(面板数据面板数据).n面板数据面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把paneldata译作“面板数据”。n举例：举例：n如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开

49、，看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。n如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为：北京市分别为8、9、10、11、12；上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13；天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9；重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。这就是面板数据。nSuchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thecho

50、icetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasqualitative data(定定性数据性数据).n定性数据定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。（P85P85）nThemacroeconomistsdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thela