翻译大赛 翻译技巧.doc

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1、I. 词法翻译一、对等译法在翻译过程中，我们一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此，对等依法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。我们在翻译中必须注意一文中所采用的对等表达是名副其实的对等表达。一般说来，汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高，而词组、成语、言语的对等率就要相对低一些：单词：television 电视 坐 sit 小 small 和 and 当然，两种语言中存在着差异的对等单词也有不少，例如：从语义上来讲，“杯子”并不完全对等于“cup”, 而是对等于“cup +mug + glass +.”成语：in deep water 水深火热hit the m

2、ail on the head 一语道破出人头地 be head and shoulders above others吹毛求疵 pick a hole in somebody s coat攀龙附凤 worship the rising sun骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的，一个是比喻意义，一个是比喻形式，再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的，当三者发生矛盾时，我们得保留比喻意义。感情色彩如果不对等，这条成语就肯定不能用。至于比喻形式，能对等则应尽量对等，是在对等不了，就应当机立断，大胆放弃。谚语：Make hay while th

3、e sun shines. 趁热打铁There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪出门一里， 不如家里 East and west, home is best皇天不负苦心人 Everything comes to him who waits.小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines.说曹操，曹操到 Talk of the devil and hes sure to appearHe who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。家丑不可外扬。

4、Its dirty bird that fouls her own nest二、具体译法由于两种语言的差别，我们在翻译中不得不经常使用具体译法，也就是具体化的翻译方法。所谓具体依法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者是比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译，从而消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，是译文产生与原文同样的效果。transportation 运输 运输工具advertisement 广告广告资料propaganda 宣传very timid 非常胆小胆小如鼠have not cut off relations completely 没

5、有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连简言之 in a nutshell 侥幸by the skin of ones teeth三、抽象译法为了译文的重忠实与通顺，我们往往有必要把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语、或句子进行抽象化处理。这种翻译方法，我们称之为抽象依法。无论是英译汉，还是汉译英，我们都经常要用到抽象译法。Make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼Lick sbs boots 巴结Stick to ones last 安分守己Walk on air 得意洋洋谦虚态度 modesty发展过程 development无知的表现 innocenc

6、e鸡毛蒜皮 trifling狗急跳墙 do sth desperate四、增词译法所谓增词译法，就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组，分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合一文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文与原文载内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来。After the football match, hed got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后，它有一个重要会议去参加。（增加动词）I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is

7、to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。五、省词译法增词译法中的规律反过来就是省词译法的规律：He is not well today, but he still comes to class. 他今天身体不好，但（他）还是来上课了这家电视机真是价廉物美。 This television set is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality).那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。That young

8、 fellow is somewhat rash (in the head).六、合词译法无论是西方作家，还是中国作家，都喜欢连用同义词以强调其表达的意思。西方作家常用的是成对词，而中国作家常用的是一条前后两个部分为同一意思的四字成语。既然这些同义词表达的是同一个意思，我们就可以把它们合起来翻译，也就是采用合词译法。Youll supply financial power, and well supply manpower. Isnt that fair and square? 你们出钱，我们出任，这难道还不公平吗？He is dead and gone. 他的确死了。Her son was

9、wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 她的儿子非常聪明，可她的女儿却很笨。She shook and trembled with fear. 她吓得不停地发抖。 He is a man of culture and learning. 他是个很有学问的人他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.七、转型译法转型译法是英译汉和汉译英都经常要用到的翻译方法。所谓转型译法就是在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行词性转换，如：把原文中的名词转换为动词，把原文中的

10、副词转换为介词，等等。Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。The people are with him. 人民拥护他。It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。翻译中的词性转换存在着一定的规律，最明显的一点就是英美国家的人们比较喜欢用名词和介词，而汉语里动词用得比较多一些。因此，英译汉时，我们经常要把英语中的名词和介词转换成汉语中的动词；而在汉译英时，我们往往要把汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词或介词。词性转换并不是随意进行的，而是遵循着语言中的客观规律。

11、如果我们逆规律而行，译文就无法做到通顺或地道。如：My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。他酷爱古典音乐。He is an ardent lover of classical music.如果这两句话分别译成“我建议他立刻戒烟”和“He is an ardent lover of classical music”, 都符合各自译文的语法，按一般要求也算可以了，但是比起前面的译文来就显得不够地道，在文采上要逊色得多。八、褒贬译法：词汇按照语法中的词性可分成名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和叹词等；词汇按照感

12、情色彩可分成褒义、贬已和中性。在翻译过程中，词汇的词性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文，而是根据译文的语言习惯进行；词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行，而不是像词汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配，也就是说，褒义词必须翻译成褒义词，贬义词必须翻译成贬义词，中性词也应翻译成中性词。The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework. 这个男孩因功课做的仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing

13、him from making any progress in his research work.。事实上，正是因为它的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效命。These diehard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.他们忠心耿耿地报效与自己的祖国和人民。 They serve their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion.II句法翻译英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的

14、语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整， 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺， 这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯， 这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑， 毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。一、换序翻译英语和汉语在于法结构上差异很大，在翻译过程中，需要经常更换原文词语的前后顺序。翻译是根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整， 是译文做到最大程度上的通顺， 这就是换序译法。若照搬原文的词序，不顾译文语言的习惯， 这样的翻译绘滑稽可笑， 毫无通顺可言，因而译文也不信，违反翻译的标准。翻译世纪要避免生硬的死译，也要避免不顾原文的现象。1Even t

15、he wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley, Roots) 昆他觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（插入语换序）。2From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots. 他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序）3Cheerf

16、ul, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情， 总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语易位， 并转变为谓语）。4Dont hesitate to come when you need help. 你们什么时候需要我， 只管来找我。（状语从句换序）。二、 断句译法 所谓断句以法指的是： 在翻译中把一些长句断开来翻译。在英语句子中，介词短语和动词不定式的应用是很广泛的，翻译是要根据汉语的习惯，按照逻辑关系分译成几个句子。

17、汉译英时，也会遇到同样的长句，要拆开来译。1That question is too hard for me to answer. 那个问题太难了， 我回答不了。（分译动词不定式。）2He is too ill to have been anywhere but in bed. 他并得太厉害，哪儿也去不了，只能呆在床上。（分译动词不定式和介词短语。）3Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streams, and in its sweet

18、restless seeking!（ John Galsworthy, The apple tree.）春花怒放， 春水奔流，无限春光，争奇斗艳，语言已不足以尽述奇妙。（介词短语分译）。英汉语在句型和排列上各有特点。英语中常用连词、介词、分词短语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各种从句组成长句，有时甚至一段由一句组成。英语长句虽然结构复杂， 但描写细致，逻辑严密。 汉语运用动词最广泛。 再表示一些复杂的概念时， 汉语大都分成若干简短的句子， 逐点交待，层层铺开，有主有次，有先有后，眉目清楚，词句简练。 因此， 英译汉时，必须抓住全文的中心思想，区别主次，根据时间顺序和逻辑关系， 重新按汉语习惯加以

19、组合， 以确切表示原，不要拘泥原文的形式，使译文欧化。1、顺译法。英汉句之结构的顺序相同，层次分明，翻译是可以顺序推进。如：In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.在非洲，我遇到一个小孩，她哭的伤心极了，我问他时，他说他饿了，两天没有吃饭了。（这个英语句子的叙述层词合汉语相同，所以按原文的顺序， 依次译出。）So a syst

20、em of reservoir is being dug to store water that can be run down to crops after it is warmed by the sun.因此修筑了一个水库系统， 先让水储存在水库中，待太阳晒热后，再灌到田里去。2、逆译法。英汉语的叙述层次相反，采用逆译法。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。He became deaf

21、at five after an attack of typhoid fever.他五岁时侯，生了一场伤寒病，变成了笼子。3、变序法。原句构复杂，可按汉语由近及远的顺序从中断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。An alloy steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulfur and prosperous, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 per cent silicon, or some other elements in

22、 amounts not encountered in carbon steels.如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，黄含有1%多的锰，或0.3%多的硅，或其他碳素钢不包含的其它元素，那么这种钢就是合金钢。4、主次分译法。把此要成分甩开。A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized ，especially for the small countries，the supreme guarantee of a new international order. 二十五年前，联合国大会和

23、安全理事会象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说，尤其如此。5、紧缩法。Presently the baronet plunged a fork into saucepan on the fire, and withdrew from the pot a piece of tripe and an onion, which he divided into pretty equal potions, and of which he partook with Mrs.Tinker.从男爵把炉叉深入炉火上的平底锅里，叉出一片牛肚和一个洋葱分成差不多大小的两份， 和廷格太太各吃一份

24、。6、标点符号法。In 1917 he (Einstein) completed a paper of considerable import for all of physics: it not only laid down the basic principle of the laser some 40 years before the first such device was made but, more broadly, also advanced quantum theory. 一九一七年， 他（爱因斯坦）完成了一篇对物理学各部门都颇为重要的论文。它不但奠定了激光理论的基础（四十多

25、年之后才制造出第一个激光装置），而且在更广的意义上说， 还发展了量子理论。7加词法。We must not forget Lenins statement that as regards our work of .我们不能忘记列宁的话。 他说， .总之，长句的翻译： 找出动词，然后排队。1按时间顺序排队2按逻辑顺序排队，（因果）3按空间顺序排队，（方位）。三、转句译法。英语里用作状语或定语的词组，或名词词组。经常包含有丰富的语义，有时要把这些成分连同句子的其他成分一起翻译成地道的汉语时有困难。这时不得不把这个词组译成汉语的句子。对这些句子采用分译的方法，可以是译文简洁明确，层次分明，合乎汉语规

26、范。1 Through his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books. 2. I tried vainly to put the piece together.3. The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: neither too fast nor too slow.四、合句译法一般说来,英语句子要比汉语的句子长, 信息量也更大, 因此,汉译英时有必要也有可能把两个或两个

27、以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。另外，比较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时也可采用合句译法。 (一)、把两个或两个以上的简单句合译成一个汉语单句或复句当英语中两个或两个以上的简单句关系密切、意义贯通时，可不限于原文的表层结构，将他们合译成一个汉语单句或复句，意义同样完整，还可避免不必要的重复。1. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.(这个年轻人很惨，已落到生物分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄都被盗)2 Darkness fell. An exp

28、losion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. (夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。)3 That day, the President had an interview with her father. Her father was going to the moon by space shuttle. (那一天，总统会见了她父亲，因为她的父亲即将乘航天飞机去登月。4 She is very busy at home. She had to take care of the

29、children and do the kitchen work.(二)、把英语中的复合句译成一个汉语单句英汉两种语言句子结构不完全相同，有时要套用原文的句式往往是行不通的。当原文句子的表层结构与汉语的表达方式不一样时，需要进行句子结构的调整，将原文中的复合句译成一个汉语单句可以使译文紧凑、简练、语气连贯。1. If we do a thing, we should do it well. (我们要干就要干好)。2 The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.3. Americans have a great range of

30、 customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor. (美国有许多风俗习惯在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。)4 Parents love their children and the love is perfect. (父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。)五、缩句译法根据原文的逻辑关系和译文的语言习惯，把原文中的一个句子紧缩成译文中另一个句子的组成部分。一般情况下，把原文中上下文中相对次要的句子紧缩成相对主要的句子的组成部分，大多数紧缩成状语、定语、同位语乃至主语。六、转态译法所谓转态译法是指在翻译中把被动翻成主动或把主动翻成被

31、动。 （一）、被动句翻译成主动句1按原来顺序已成主动句（1）The novel A Dream of Red Mansion has been translated into many foreign languages.小说红楼梦已译成许多外国文字.（2） During the world cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯期间,接上挤满了球迷.2动作发出者译成主语(1). Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. (2). Your car was towe

32、d away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 3原文种某一部分译成主语(1). The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.(2). My brother was taught shorthand by Mr. Cotton.4增加逻辑主语(1). She hadnt been told Bettes other name, or shed forgotten it. 人家没有告诉她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。(2). If you are asked personal qu

33、estions you need not to answer them.(二). 被动句翻译成汉语的判断句。1The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.诗歌吟唱试用七弦琴伴奏的。2The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实行的。 （三）、被动句译成汉语的无主句1In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questione

34、d. 在很多国家， 很少向权威提出质疑。2Wrong must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误一定要纠正。（四）、被动句译成被动句。1用被、受、得等字(1). I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular. 我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。(2). I was possessed by the very novelty

35、of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。2用由、让等字(1). Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。（2）。The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。3用予以、加以等字(1). The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个委员会予以审查。(2). Probl

36、ems should be resolved in good time. 有问题要及时加以解决。七、正反译法由于语言习惯的不同，英汉两种语言在正反说表达时也有差异。根据译文语言的表达习惯，把正面表达的原文从反面已成译文，反之亦然，这样一种翻译技巧称之为正反译法。例子见p102. 八、否定句的译法 （一）、全部否定。英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。如：no, none, not never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither.nor. (1). Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad. (2). The bo

37、y was nowhere to be found.(二)、部分否定当英语中的某些不定代词如all,both, every, each , 某些副词如often,always 和否定词连用时，表示部分否定。（1）. All the novelists detective cases, however, were not successful.（2）. Both the instruments are not precision ones.(三)、双重否定汉译时可以翻译成肯定。（1）. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 有志者事竟成。（2）. T

38、here is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。（3）. He cannot but agree.他不得不同意。（4）. There is no story without coincidence. 无巧不成书。（四）、形式否定，意义肯定。1Nothing. He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺。2cannot be +too+adj.意为怎么.也不过分。越.越好 如：i.you cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。ii.This point cannot be overempha

39、sized. 这一点应该特别强调。（五）、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇。1动词如：refuse,wonder, fail 等可意译成汉语否定词。a)The engine failed to start.b)I wonder if I can go with you.c)The drain just refused to work.2. 有些介词如：above, beyond, out of; 形容词如：last, short (of), far from; 副词：ill; 连词：before等，亦有否定意义，可译成汉语的否定词。1It is beyond his power to sign

40、the contract. 2He would be the last man to do the job.3This question id far from difficult.4We are short of hands at present.5Mr. Green is out of town this week.6He was ill treated in hospital.7I would die before i surrender. 8He is anything but modest.9We tried in vain to measure the voltage.3. no

41、more than , no less than 意为只. she is no lessactive than she used to be.她跟从前一样活跃。 六、否定转移1no 与谓语动词的肯定式（1）At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候任何情况下，都不首先使用核武器。（2）A transformer provides no power of its own.2注意nonot都有否定的意义，但在句子中意义不一样。(1). He is not a doctor. 他不是医生。He is no doctor. 他根本不是医生。（2）. It is not a joke. 这不是笑话。 It is no joke. 这绝对不是开玩笑的事。3Think, suppose, believe 等的否定式与that 从句。 (1). I dont think it is good to marry early. (2). I dont suppose they will arrive on time./P