2012年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.1.（共 14 页）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomean importantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegit

2、imacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe4as impartialjudgment

3、s.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5by an ethicscode.At theveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeof conductthat 7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases 8thequestionof whetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10 havingauthori

4、tyapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11 theywouldbe freeto 12 thoseinpowerandhaveno needto 13 politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedto setlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawis politicalbecauseit resultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15li

5、kelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit 16isinescapablypoliticalwhichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17 asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacyby makingthemselves19 tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparat

6、efrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.2012年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.2.（共 14 页）1.AemphasizeBmaintain CmodifyDrecognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3.ArestoredBweakened CestablishedDeliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfo

7、unded6.AresistantBsubject CimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrier CsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthrough Dtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovided Dthough12.AserveBsatisfy CupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpress CcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcep

8、tsBtheories CdivisionsDconventions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleased CrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploit Caddress Dignore19.AaccessibleBamiable CagreeableDaccountable20.Aby allmeansBatallcosts Cina wordDasa resultSectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowing

9、fourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.3.（共 14 页）Text1ComeonEverybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostof us thinkof whenwe hearthewordspeerpressure

10、.Itusuallyleadstono gooddrinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobe apositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerof groupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,there

11、cipientof aPulitzerPrize,offersahostof examplesof thesocialcurein action:In SouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownas loveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspro

12、mising,andRosenbergisa perceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueof thelamenessof manypublic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,and theydemonstratea seriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.“Daretobe different,pleasedontsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmoking

13、amongteenagersteenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakea pagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Buton thegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnote

14、noughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressureso powerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Theresno doubtt

15、hatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceon ourbehavior.An emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabitsaswellasnegativeonesspreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisa subtleformofpeerpressure:we unconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorwe seeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessful

16、lyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksup thetroublemakersinthebackrowby pairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwitha socialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,

17、we insiston choosingourownfriends.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.5.（共 14 页）Text2Adealisa dealexcept,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNew England,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitanno

18、unceditwasrenegingon a longstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestatesstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityof Vermontsrulesinthefederalcourt,as partof adesperateeffortto keepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.Itsastunn

19、ingmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermontsonlynuclearpowerplant,an agingreactorinVernon.As aconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewenta stepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionof

20、 theplantslicensebe subjectto theVermontlegislaturesapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtoliveby thosecommitments,oritsimplydidntforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringof accidents,includingthepartialcollapseofa coolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofan undergroundpipesystem

21、leakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankeessafetyandEntergysmanagementespeciallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby Entergysbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26 to 4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Now thecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecause

22、ofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesin thecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdo havesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewilloffera precedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.C

23、ertainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadyso damagedthatithasnothinglefttoloseby goingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldb

24、e consequences.Permissiontoruna nuclearplantisa publictrust.Entergyruns11 otherreactorsin theUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.Pledgingto runPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissionto keepitopenforanother20 years.Butas theNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewstheco

25、mpanysapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.6.（共 14 页）26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningtoAcondemning.Breaffirming.Cdishonoring.Dsecuring.27.By enteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedtoAobtainpr

26、otectionfromVermontregulators.Bseekfavorfromthefederallegislature.Cacquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.Dgetpermissiontopurchasea powerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsAmanagerialpractices.Btechnicalinnovativeness.Cfinancialgoals.Dbusinessvision.29.Intheauthorsview,t

27、heVermontcasewilltestAEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromises.Bthenatureofstatespatchworkregulations.Cthefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.Dthelimitsofstatespowerovernuclearissues.30.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAEntergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.BtheauthorityoftheNRC willbedefied.C

28、EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.DVermontsreputationmightbedamaged.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.7.（共 14 页）Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobe observedandcollectedby objectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryoutthe

29、irwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsan ambiguousandcomplicatedroute.We aimtobe objective,butwe cannotescapethecontextof ouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatwe experience,whatwe thinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunit

30、iesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbe thoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhicht

31、heindividualresearchersme,here,nowbecomesthecommunitysanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureo

32、f thescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactas gatekeepersby controllingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.As a discoveryclaim

33、worksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsan individualsdiscoveryclaimintothecommunityscrediblediscovery.Two paradoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocuson someaspec

34、tofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteor incorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationof whatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappearto beimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbe opentocha

35、llengeandpotentialmodificationor refutationby futureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyrgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhatthe

36、yhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.In theend,credibility“happens”to adiscoveryclaimaprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“We reasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeacho

37、thersreasoningandeachothersconceptionsofreason.”欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.8.（共 14 页）31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby itsAuncertaintyandcomplexity.Bmisconceptionanddeceptiveness.Clogicalityandobjectivity.Dsystematicnessandregularity.3

38、2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2 thatcredibilityprocessrequiresAstrictinspection.Bsharedefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3 showsthata discoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritAhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.Bhasbeenexaminedby thescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecogn

39、itionfromeditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedby peerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-GyrgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.Dscientificworkcallsfora criticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbet

40、hebesttitleofthetext?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.BCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.CEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.DChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.9.（共 14 页）Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,he

41、wouldprobablyrepresentcivilservants.WhenHoffasTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedto aunion;now 36%do.In 2009thenumberofunionistsinAmericaspublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%

42、ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunionsthriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayof consequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmericaspublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepoli

43、tics.Someoftheirtiesgo backalongway.BritainsLaborParty,as itsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,Ed Miliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.At thestateleveltheirinfluencecanbe evenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsou

44、tthatmuchofthestatesbudgetispatrolledby unions.Theteachersunionskeepan eyeon schools,theCCPOAonprisonsanda varietyoflaborgroupson healthcare.In manyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded

45、”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostnotoriouslyin education,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereis plentyof evidencethatthequalityof the

46、teachersis themostimportantvariable,teachersunionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.As thecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.In Wisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsof supportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthep

47、ublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvardsKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000a yearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentof theUnitedSta

48、tes.Bankersfatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,buta public-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybea muchbiggerproblemforAmerica.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！英语（一）试题.10.（共 14 页）36.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatATeamstersstillhavea largebodyofmembers.BJimmyHoffau

49、sedtoworkasa civilservant.Cunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.Dthegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?APublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.BEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.CLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingaga

50、instpublic-sectorunions.DPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4 thattheincomeinthestatesectorisAillegallysecured.Bindirectlyaugmented.Cexcessivelyincreased.Dfairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsAoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliti