2022年周代墓葬制度的若干问题探研 .pdf

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1、周代墓葬制度的若干问题探研复旦大学硕士学位论文周代墓葬制度的若干问题探研姓名:刘洁申请学位级别:硕士专业:中国古代史指导教师:高智群20040512中文摘要周代是我国历史上发生了巨大历史她变的重要时期,对周代墓地制度的研究历来为学者们所关注。本文主要就周代封土墓的源流、有无墓祭、墓上建筑的作用、夫妻双方在墓葬中的位次安排及墓向等问题进行了较为深入的探讨。经分析认为西周具有存在坟丘的可能性因素先秦墓葬营建过程中的祭祀活动不同于后世那种专为某一墓主而进行的“墓祭气合葬墓中的夫妻双方在位次安排上有一定规律,但这并未在整个社会中形成一种统一的定制在某一区域的某一时期内墓向有一定规律可言,但也没有在整个

2、社会中得以广泛流行。关键词封土墓 墓祭 墓上建筑夫妻合葬墓墓向绪 论“墓”是指人们用来放置人类尸骸的固定设施“墓地”则是墓群集中分布的区域,是人们有意识地埋葬死者的固定场所。墓地制度是各类墓葬在特定区域内的安葬之规定,即墓群在墓地内的布局与墓葬之间相对位置的规定。先有墓葬后有墓地,在墓地出现之后才产生了墓地制度,墓地制度是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物,是对社会存在的一种反映,它为后人了解某一特定历史时期的社会风尚、人们的思想观念及人与人之间的阶级、财产关系等方面的内容提供了相对真实而可靠的实物资料。因此,对墓地制度的研究,无论是对历史学还是考古学的研究来说,都有着突出的重要性。周代?传统上

3、分为西周和东周即春秋战国两个阶段?是中国历史上发生了巨大的历史巨变的重要时期。它上承夏商、下接秦汉,文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8

4、N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 Z

5、H7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8

6、N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 Z

7、H7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8

8、N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 Z

9、H7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7文档编码:CL7Z8N9C7Y6 HQ2T1G5Y2S7 ZH7S1F4Z6S7有着蕴意深刻的时代特征,这就使得研究周代墓地制度的意义更加深远。作为我国古代墓地制度发展中的至为重要的一环,对周代墓地制度的研究不仅为我们认识当时的社会结构、等级制度、阶级关系、社会风俗及人们的思想观念等诸方面内容提供了良好的突破口,同时也为我们探讨周以后数千

10、年来对中国历史产生深远影响的封建礼制的历史变迁过程等一系列相关问题提供了有益的帮助。有鉴于此,对周代墓地制度及其所遵循的礼制等相关问题的研究历来为学者们所关注,远到春秋时期的孔子,近到现代学者杨宽、李伯谦等人都曾对此进行过较为深入的探讨,并取得了一定的研究成果。近年来,随着大量考古实物资料地相继发现,更进一步拓宽了这方面问题的研究领域。总的来说,迄今为止,关于周代墓地制度的研究成果可以归纳为以下几个方面第一,对文献中所记载的有关丧葬礼俗、礼制等相关问题的考订。关于此,文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E

11、10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B

12、2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5

13、U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F

14、3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P

15、5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:C

16、Q5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE

17、3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2研究者们主要是针对某一问题从礼学研究的角度进行讨论,如汉代的郑玄,清代的钱大听、皮锡瑞、秦蕙田、阎若球、赵翼、顾炎武、孙治让,直至后来的钱玄、吕思勉、尚秉和等人都曾针对某一具体问题进行过较为详实的考证。第二,对墓葬考古资料的综合整理。其中如新中国的考古发现与研究、新中国考古五十年、洛阳中州路、浚县辛村、辉县发掘报告、上村岭狄国墓地、曲阜鲁国故城、琉璃河燕国墓地等都是较为出色的资料综合整理专

18、集,它们分别按地区介绍了该时期墓葬考古资料的基本情况,综合了考古发掘及研究工作的成果,颇具权威性,是我们研究周代墓地制度不可缺少的参考书。第三,对墓地制度中某一方面问题的专门探讨。如梁思永、高去寻、黄展岳、王世民等对有关中国古代坟丘产生时间的讨论杨宽、杨鸿勋等对先秦时期墓卜律筑作用问题的讨论李伯谦、张长寿、黄锡全、卢连成、文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H

19、9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V

20、5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2

21、文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N

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23、2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8

24、S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N

25、7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2孙华等对周代墓葬中的墓位安排是否存在昭穆制度的讨论等等另外还涉及到对有关夫妻合葬墓、夫妻间的墓位安排等诸多问题的专门研究。第四,对先秦乃至整个中国古代丧葬文化的研究。近年来,此类著作也出了不少,如徐吉军、贺云翱合著的中国丧葬礼俗,罗开玉所著的中国丧葬与文化,李玉洁所著的先秦丧葬制度研究等。尽管在以往的研究中已取得了上述成果,但存在的问题仍然不少,尤其是在文献资料与考古学、人类学、社会学等资料的充分结合方面还存在较大缺陷,再加上近年来新的考古资料时有发表,这就为我们认识周代墓地制度提供了更多新的依据。因而,本文想在以往研究成果的基础上,

26、综合历史文献资料、考古实物资料及民族学等方面的相关资料,就周代墓地制度中有关封土墓的源流、先秦时代有无墓祭及墓上建筑的作用、夫妻合葬墓的墓位安排、周代的墓向等存在较多争议的几个问题,进行较为深入的探讨,发表一点不成熟的拙见,文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E1

27、0O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2

28、R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U

29、1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3

30、E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5

31、B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ

32、5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2以期能揭示出一些较有规律性的结论。第一章

33、中国坟丘的起源及有关墓祭的问题墓葬封土,又可称之为“墓“坟丘”,它不仅仅是一种墓葬标志,也是文明时代出现的一种独特的文化现象。它的起源涉及到有关先秦历史文化的诸多问题,也关系到有关中国社会由奴隶制向封建制过渡的历史进程中的某些方面。在封建时代,坟丘的高低、大小和式样是等级制度的重要依据之一,在厚葬成风的年代里它也是忠孝节义的一种重要标志。墓葬制度产生后,在其漫长的历史发展中大致经历了两个重要的阶段一是人死埋葬后,以土填平,即所谓的“墓而不坟”是也 二是人死葬后,在墓葬地面上垒筑封土坟丘的阶段。在现代人的口语中,“坟”、“墓”两个字的含义并无区别,但在先秦以前则不同,它们是不同历史时期出现的同一

34、事物的两种不同的表现形式。由“墓”进而演变为“坟”,标志着中国古代墓葬制度有了重大的发展,一改过去长期流行的“墓文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8

35、S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N

36、7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E1

37、0O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2

38、R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U

39、1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3

40、E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2而不坟”之制,开创了一种流行中国古代社会达数千年之久的新葬俗。因而,探寻坟丘产生的起源、时间、原因及其蕴含的深层文化意义等一系列相关问题便显得颇为重要。

41、中国古代最早的坟丘产生于何时从文献记载来看,墨子节葬下记载,尧死葬于巩山之阴,“既犯而后哭,满坎无封,已葬,而牛马乘之”。“无封”指尧墓上没有坟丘。这说明尧时人们埋葬死者并不实行封土为坟之葬。正如易?系辞传下所云“古之葬者,厚衣之以薪,葬之中野,不封不树,丧期无数”。但墨子在上述同篇中讲述禹时却云“禹东教乎九夷,道死葬会稽之山,衣轰三领,桐棺三寸,葛以缄之,绞之?既葬收余壤其上,垄如三耕之亩,则止矣”。接着在谈论圣王制埋葬之法时又云“及其禹 葬也,下毋及泉,上毋通臭。垄若三耕之亩则止矣”。这儿“垄若三耕之亩”是说禹的坟高三尺、土阶三等。从文献中的记载来看,似乎可以表明,夏禹时坟丘已经产生,但就

42、文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N

43、4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O

44、2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8

45、S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N

46、7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E1

47、0O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2

48、R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2现有的考古资料而言,因目前尚未找到或考古亦未发现夏朝墓葬的封土痕迹,因而还不能判定中国古代的坟丘产生于尧夏之时。那么殷代人的墓葬上面有没有封土坟丘呢关于此,后世文献也为我们提供了一些可参阅的资料,礼记?檀弓“殷及吊而封”。史记?周本记及逸周书?克殷篇都记载了武王伐

49、封胜利后,命闲夭“封比千之墓”的事。史记?正义“封,谓益其土及画疆界”。据此,许多学者认为,“封”字可以理解为墓葬坟丘,如果殷代不实行封土为坟之葬,比干的墓上没有坟丘作为标识,那么经过殷末的劫难,到周初武王封比千之墓时恐怕已很难找到比干的墓葬了,所以说殷时已有坟丘存在。如我国己故著名考古学家、安阳殷墟西北冈发掘的主持人梁思永先生就曾提出过殷代墓葬地面已有坟丘的说法。梁先生根据田野考古发掘西北冈地下所得指出,一、安阳殷墟大墓周围许多属于第三期的灰土坑和灰土堆是祭祀遗留,而祭典即围绕坟脚举行文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N

50、4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O2V5 ZR6P5B2R8S2文档编码:CQ5U1N7N4H9 HE3F3E10O