美国法学院入学考试.docx

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1、美国法学院入学考试（LSAT）阅读笔记一、阅读准备：1新东方内部教材：gre北美题、国内题2英语杂志：time、newsweek、national geology、scientific american3英语教材：new concept english（book 4）二、文章分类按题材分ahumanity：文学艺术；esp文学评论bsocial science：美国历史；eg南北战争弱势群体；esp黑人、女性法律；eg法律史cnatural sciencedlife science按写法分apresentation：全文仅有一种观点、一种声音bargumentation：多种声音、观点并存按考

2、种分详见后三、阅读原则至少三遍原则先做一遍，对答案再认真阅读一遍课堂上分析后再读一遍头脑空白原则一切以文章内容为依据，唯一的依据顺序原则先看文，后做题（与托福不同，因是逻辑阅读）先判定套路，后看文：即先阅读全文开头，每段开头总结：总结主题句（段落主题句，全文主题句）总结关键字（每段的key words）总结结构（每个段落在全文中的作用）总结人物（可用首字母表示）四、阅读环节重要的是做阅读笔记，按笔记答题记录要点：记主题句（段落主题句，全文主题句）（可划线表示）记关键词（可用缩写表示）记强对比（逻辑上的）（可用ab表示）表示强对比的词汇：on the contrary， on the other

3、 hand， contrasteg red berries standing in vivid contrast against the snow时间状语也可表示强对比，如说五十年前如何，后说五十年后又如何人数多少也可表示强对比，如说most people，后说but记强转折（可用ab表示）表示强转折的词汇：however， yet， while， but表示让步的词汇：though， althoughunless， nonethelessdespite， in spite ofinsteadin fact， actuallyeg he said he would pay， but in po

4、int of fact he has no moneyactually， few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students academic development极端转折a， but b，表示b重要。在lsat中，常有a与b两项完全相反，所谓极端转折，此时可只看转折后的b项多重转折a， but b， while c， in fact d这时前几重转折无用，只看最后一重d。记因果关系（如a因，b果，可用ab表示）表示因果关系的词汇有：a conclude （con

5、clusive， conclusion）consequence （consequent， consequently）， henceeg mr foster has never been to china consequently / hence he knows very little about itresult in ， result from：“a result in b” means “ab”；“a result from b” means “ba”eg nothing has resulted from his effortsacting before thinking always

6、 results in failurelie in：“a lies in b” means “ba”reflect （reflection）：“a reflects b” means “ba”eg the childs bad behavior reflects on his bad home trainingfactor：“a is bs factor” means “ab”eg her friendly manner is an important factor in her rapid success记评价（在lsat中总有评价存在）正评价（用表示）负评价（用表示）有正有负的评价，即混合

7、评价正评价强于负评价（用 来表示）负评价强于正评价（用 来表示）记标点“”的作用引用原文（可助解时间题）强调作用（可助解信息题）表示负评价：或；的作用：可表示因果关系（）的作用：注释，括号中内容不看，可用划去的作用：，其中内容不看，可用划去必看与不看的句子判断句必看有系动词（be， remain）的是判断句，尤其在段落或文章开头部分更要重点阅读，这往往是主题句eg these matters remain in doubt有情态动词（can， can not， may， must）的是判断句有自由褒贬词的是判断句：所谓自由指它可以游离于句子之外，句子缺少了它依然成立；所谓褒贬指它本身有评价色彩

8、，多为形容词和副词e，g， your （brazen/penetrating） view （successfully/curiously） changed my attitude记强调性语言最高级，比较级；如most， first， than， last， at most， more than， less thanmore than， less than：与其说，不如说eg it is more because a than because b这是更因为a，强调ai have less contact with a than with b与b联系更多，强调bequal（equality）唯一性

9、：only， unique， sole， exclusive这些强调性语言在文中出现得少，但在选项中出现机会多，所以如选项中有most，文章、笔记中无，就可排除此选项记专用名词（用缩略语记）人名用首字母表示物种用首字母表示化学物质用前两个字母表示，但基本的如protein， carbon dioxide等仍需了解五、例题讲解book 1， reading 3， p71womens participation in the revolutionary events in france between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanc

10、ed treatment early twentieth century historians of the french revolution are typified by jaures（o（j）， who， though（） sympathetic（） to the womens movement of his own time never（ ）even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary france even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individu

11、al women， like marie （m）antoinette/ the recent studies by landes， badinter， godineau， and roudinesco （n（l， b， g， r）， however（）， should signal a muchneeded（） reassessment of womens participation godineau and roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation the first， up to mid 1792，

12、 involved those women who wrote political tracts typical of their orientation to theoretical issues in godlneauss view， without practical effect is marie gouzes declaration of the right of women the emergence of vocal middleclass womens political clubs marks the second phase formed in 1791 as adjunc

13、ts of middleclass male political clubs， and originally philanthropic in function， by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women in the final phase， the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass womens movement； women seized food supplies， hold officials hostage， a

14、nd argued for the implementation of democratic politics this phase ended in may of 1795 with the military suppression of this multi class movement in all three phases womens participation in politics contrasted（）markedly with their participation before 1789 before that date some noblewomen participa

15、ted indirectly in elections， but （）such participation by more than narrow range of the population women or men came only with the revolution（g， r） what makes the recent studies particularly compelling（）， however， is not so much （their organization of chronology）（a） as （their unflinching willingness

16、to confront the reasons for the collapse of the womens movement）（b） for landes and badinter， the necessity of womens having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the womens movement to resist suppression many women， and ma

17、ny men， they argue， located their vision within the confining tradition of jeanjacques rousseau， who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively but， when women went on to make political alliances with radical jacobin men， badinter asserts， they adopted a vocabulary and

18、 violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests（l， b）each of these scholars has different political agenda and takes a different approach godineau， for example， works with police archives while roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psych

19、ology yet（） admirably（）， each gives center stage to group that previously has been marginalized， or at best undifferentiated， by historians and in the case of landes and badinter， the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the revolution of speaking in borrowed voices（总结）上文属新老观点对立型，它往往是喜新厌旧（过去的观点常错）、标新立异（多数人的观点常错），同情弱者。阅读步骤：先判定套路（新老观点对立型）看层次标出强对立（如contrast）注意比较（not， so much as）