2023年考研英语真题答案及解析.doc

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1、 全国硕士硕士入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance t

2、his might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a ju

3、dge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend

4、on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.

5、 The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Granduate Managent Adimssion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of in

6、terviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 。1. A gr

7、ants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers 2. A minor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. A issue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal 4. A For example B On average CIn principle DAbove all 5. A fond B fearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on C to D for7. A if B until C though D unless8. A promote B emphasize C share

8、Dsuccess9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosen B studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C gave D took15. A instead B then C ever D r

9、ather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer

10、 the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explain

11、s how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish wo

12、uld described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less

13、wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cl

14、ine argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace。The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage over

15、seas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals。Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-

16、durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who si

17、nce has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment including H&M, with its gre

18、en Conscious Collection line Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to。21. P

19、riestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill。B insensitivity to fashion。C obsession with high fashion。D lack of imagination。22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste。B shut out the feverish fashion world。C resist the influence of adverti

20、sements。D shop for their garments more frequently。23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation。B enthusiasm。C indifference。D tolerance。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists。B The fast-fash

21、ion industry ignores sustainability。C People are more interested in unaffordable garments。D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing。25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle。B Challenge to a high-fashion myth。C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry。D Expos

22、ure of a mass-market secret。Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim

23、 “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December

24、Americas Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track (DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ;谷歌s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the

25、FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests。On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default。It is not yet clear how advertisers will resp

26、ond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway。Also unclear is wh

27、y Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset 谷歌, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows

28、 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with 谷歌s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, bloggde:we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help a

29、dvertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob

30、Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to impleme

31、nt DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a dee

32、per appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to。But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of

33、years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see 100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCNs Red List of threat

34、ened species, and you will read: Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now

35、thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a m

36、ountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence。Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanitys impa

37、ct will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time。Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best

38、 left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future。But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so o

39、ften, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves。This long perspective makes the pessimistic view

40、 of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot

41、of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in。31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for ares of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techedC our awareness of pot

42、ential risksD our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings onA a sustained speciesB the words deminant powerC a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies

43、。B Technology offers solutions to social problem。C The interest in science fiction is on the rise。D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive。34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resources。B adopt an optimistic view of the world。C draw on our experience

44、from the past。D curb our ambition to reshape history。35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind。D Science, Technology and Humanity。Text 4Text 4On a five to three vote, the Suprem

45、e Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states。In Ar