2022年人教版2019届高考历史一轮复习知识归纳：近代西方政治制度2 .pdf

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1、近代西方政治制度1、责任制内阁责任制内阁是英国君主立宪制的核心。内阁制是内阁总揽国家行政权力并对议会负责的政体形式，与总统制相对。由于内阁制政府具有对议会全权负责的特征，故又称责任制内阁、议会内阁制。责任制内阁以议会(国会)为权力核心，行政权力受议会的制约，行政权与立法权合一，政府(内阁)则对议会负责。2、英国政治制度演进的特点1连续性：近代英国的主要政治制度和国家机构几乎都是从中世纪继承下来的，从大宪章到权利法案，从英国的内阁到责任制内阁，都体现了连续性特点。2渐进性：英国政治制度发展变化是渐进式的。英国君主立宪制在 17 世纪末形成，以后逐渐发展完善，实现了全面的民主化。3创新性：如内阁本

2、是国王召集的咨询行政机构，革命后内阁作为国王的私人会议的成分减弱，内阁逐渐独立行事，于是形成了现代意义上的责任制内阁。3、近代英国民主政治的特点(1)与古代雅典的直接民主相比，近代英国的民主政治是典型的代议制民主。公民通过选举代表组成代表机关议会，间接参政议政，讨论决定国家大事，行使国家的权力。与古代直接民主相比，代议制民主具有更大的自由度和包容性。(2)就英国的政体来看，君主立宪制是其最主要的特色。在君主立宪制下，君主逐渐“统而不治”，议会掌握国家的最高权力。现代英国君主立宪制是君主制、贵族制、民主制三者融为一体的混合物，这就实现了传统与现代的完美结合，在继承传统的同时又注入了时代特色。(3

3、)就英国近代民主政治来看，彰显了民主与法制密切结合的特色。1688 年，英国“光荣革命”确立了议会至上、限制君权的原则。1689 年，这两个原则被以法律条文的形式写入了权利法案。此后，英国又不断完善相关法律，为民主的发展提供保障。(4)就英国近代民主的发展道路来看，充分体现了和平渐进的发展特色。1689 年，君主立宪制确立时，英国国王仍享有充分的行政权力。1721年，英国责任制内阁确立，国王“统而不治”，英国民主政治进入了新的阶段。1832年，为了适应工业资本主义发展的需要，英国进行了议会改革。4、英国君主立宪政体确立的影响（1）政治：维护了政局的稳定。权利法案颁布后，英国长期以来议会与国王的

4、争斗趋于缓和，政局渐趋稳定，为英国社会的发展创造了条件。（2）经济：为工业革命创造了条件。17、18 世纪英国政府采取各种措施保护知识产权、拓展海外市场、保护英国经济的发展，为工业革命的到来创造了条件。文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 Z

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11、10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5（）对外：扩大了殖民扩张。君主立宪制确立以后，在资产阶级的推动下，英国加紧了对世界殖民霸权的争夺，18 世纪中期取得世界殖民霸主的地位。（4）世界：英国是世界上第一个建立君主立宪制的国家，开创了资本主义政体新模式，后来不少国家都采用了这一模式。5、全面认识美国1787 年宪法(1)从政治制度的发展看：宪法使美国率先确立了联邦制、三权分立制和民主共和制。联邦制赋予政府强有力的权力，巩固了国家统一；三权分立体制有利于防止专制独裁，保障资产阶级民主；民主共和制从制度上根本否定了封建专制制度。这些对后来的资本主义国家起了示范作用。(2)从对美国发展的影响看：宪法调整了

12、大州与小州的矛盾、南方与北方的矛盾，使美国在政治上获得了长期稳定的发展；一系列治国原则的确立建立了相对民主的资产阶级政治制度，为美国经济的迅速发展奠定了基础。(3)从历史局限性看：它承认黑人奴隶制，留下种族歧视和种族压迫的烙印；印第安人、黑人奴隶和妇女的选举权被剥夺(经后来修正，得以承认)。6、美国 1787 年宪法体现的主要原则(1)总统原则：宪法规定美国实行联邦制总统共和制，总统拥有广泛的权力。(2)中央集权原则：联邦政府与州政府实行分权原则。联邦政府文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A

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25、V5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2

26、V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8

27、ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5权位高于组成单位国家国际交往是国际交往的主体，不过有的联邦国家也允许成员国有某些外交权不是国际交往的主体相同点从国家结构形式上看，都属于复合制，在一定条件下可以相互转化同左9、美国政党的特征：(1)职能和作用：美国政党的主要职能，就是组织选举，包括组织初选、提名候选人、筹集竞选资金等。两党竭力为本党争取尽可能多的职位，以维

28、持其对政治权力的控制。(2)组织分层级，工作有联系。(3)党纲不固定，也没有约束党员的党纪。(4)组织职能已经逐渐衰弱。10、美国 1787 年宪法和英国权利法案的相同点和不同点(1)相同点：都从法律上确立了资本主义政治制度，建立了资产阶级的政权，巩固了资产阶级革命成果，并在一定程度上赋予人民民主权利。都是政治势力相互妥协的产物，形成了比较稳定的文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5

29、文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:C

30、H5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4

31、J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 H

32、V5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2

33、V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8

34、ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8

35、Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5政治环境。权利法案是英国资产阶级、新贵族与封建势力的妥协；美国1787 年宪法是大、小州之间以及蓄奴州与非蓄奴州之间的妥协，也都存在着不同程度的局限性。(2)不同点：确立的政治体制不同。英国是君主立宪制，权利法案以明确的条文限制国王的权力，议会的权力日益超过国王的权力，国王处于“统而不治”的地位。美国为民主共和制，1787 年宪法受到启蒙思想的影响，明显体现了立法、行政和司法“三权分立”的特点。11、英国与美国政体的

36、比较（1）.不同点类型比较项英国君主立宪制美国总统共和制国家元首国王总统元首产生世袭间接选举元首任期终身制任期制元首权力“统而不治”掌握国家实权政府首脑首相总统政府与议会关系内阁由议会产生，对议会负责政府与议会相互制约（2）.相同点本质上都属于资产阶级民主政体；核心特征都是代议制民主。都是资产阶级革命的产物；都促进了资本主义发展。文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5

37、Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2

38、X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5

39、N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V1

40、0A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG

41、10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9

42、R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档

43、编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z512、法国共和制与德国君主立宪制的异同（1）不同点在国家元首方面：法国总统是国家元首和军队最高统帅，由议会选出，任期七年，在参议院同意下可以解散众议院。德意志以世袭君主为国家元首，皇帝拥有巨大权力，可以召集或解散议会。在行政和立法机构的关系方面：法国行政权归总统，立法权归议会，总统由议会选出，权力受议会限制。德意志皇帝任命帝国政府的宰相，宰相不由选举产生，所以不对议会负责，只对皇帝负责。帝国议会虽是立法机构，但所有法案都须经皇帝和联

44、邦议会批准。在官员和代表产生方式方面：法国总统和参议院议员由选民间接选出，众议院议员由普选产生。德意志皇帝世袭，宰相由皇帝任命，联邦议会代表不经选举产生，均来自保守贵族和大资产阶级。（2）相同点：都实行两院制，议会作为立法机构；国家元首都拥有大权，可以统率军队；下议院的权力都比较小，立法权都受到限制。14、欧美资产阶级代议制的含义、特点及历史作用含义：又称议会制，它是由选举产生的、代表民意的机构来行使国家权力的制度，是间接民主的一种形式。特点：形式上代表民意行使国家权力；实行三权分立和权力文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H

45、4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4

46、HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T

47、2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8

48、 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C

49、8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z

50、5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码:CH5Z7H4J2X4 HV5N1T2V10A8 ZG10C8Z9R1Z5文档编码: