古书的注解.pdf

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1、个人收集整理仅供参考学习【古书的注解】（一）古书注解的重要性1、古注是我们读懂古书的重要途径。2、古注是重新注释古书和检验新注是否正确的重要依据。3、古注中包含着许多语言学和其他学科的理论。（二）古注的源发、历代特点及名家注1、源发：先秦：萌芽两汉：兴盛魏晋至隋唐：发展宋元明：中落清：复兴解放后：出版现代：研究2、历代特点及名家注（1）先秦特点：A注释多夹在正文中。B尚未成为一门学科。C自觉不自觉地运用，无注释专书。名家注：例：乾，健也；坤，顺也；震，动也；巽，入也；坎，陷也；离，丽也；艮，止也；兑，说也。周易说卦形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器，化而裁之谓之变，推而行之谓之通，举而错之天下之民

2、谓之事业。周易系辞老而无妻曰鳏，老而无夫曰寡，老而无子曰独，幼而无父曰孤。孟子梁惠王（2）两汉特点：A以注释儒家经书为主。B重视字词句的解释。名家注：例：毛亨毛诗故训传；孔安国古文尚书注；马融周易注、尚书注、毛诗注、论语注、周礼注、仪礼注、礼记注；郑玄毛诗笺、周礼注、仪礼注、礼记注；何休春秋公羊解诂；高诱战国策注、吕氏春秋注、淮南子注；王逸楚辞章句。（3）魏晋至隋唐特点：A注释范围进一步扩大,同时受玄学影响。B出现了“经注兼注”的“疏（正义）”。名家注：例：王弼老子注；郭象庄子注；韦昭春秋外传国语注；孔颖达五经正义（周易 尚书 诗经 礼记 春秋左氏传）；贾公彦周礼疏、仪礼疏；徐彦春秋公羊传疏；

3、杨士勋春秋谷梁传疏；陆德明经典释文；杨倞荀子注尹知章管子注；张守节史记正义；司马贞史记索隐；颜师古汉书集注；李善文选注。（4）宋元明特点：注释家受理学的影响，常常借注释来发挥自己的政治、哲学思想，后人称“六经注我”。名家注：个人收集整理仅供参考学习例：邢昺论语疏、孝经疏、尔雅疏；孙奭孟子疏；朱熹大学章句、中庸章句、论语集注、孟子集注、周易本义、诗集传、楚辞集注。十三经注疏：即为诗经、周礼、仪礼、礼记、春秋左传、春秋公羊传、春秋谷梁传、孝经、论语、尔雅、孟子作的十二本疏与经典释文的合称。（5）清特点：从材料出发，详尽可靠流于繁琐。名家注：例：阮元校勘记（为十三经注疏而作）（三）古注的体例、内容1

4、、体例（1）传注体是经汉代学者奠基的以训解文献词句为主的注解体例，常见名称有“传”、“注”、“笺”。（2）义疏体是一种既释经文又兼释注文的注解体例，如孔颖达五经正义。（3）章句“离章辨句”的意思，如赵岐孟子章句。（4）集解体又称集注，集说，集释，是一种汇集众说的注解体例，如何晏论语集解。2、内容以诗经鄘风相鼠为例。原文：相鼠刺无礼也卫文公能正其群臣而刺在位承先君之化无礼仪也相息亮反篇内同疏相鼠三章章四句至礼仪正义曰作相鼠诗者刺无礼也由卫文公能正其群臣使有礼仪故刺其在位有承先君之化无礼仪者由文公能化之使有礼而刺其无礼者所以美文公也凯风美孝子而反以刺君此刺无礼而反以美君作者之本意然也在位无礼仪文公

5、不黜之者以其承先君之化弊风未革身无大罪不可人废之故也相鼠有皮人而无仪相视也无礼仪者虽居尊位犹为暗昧之行笺云仪威仪也视鼠有皮虽处高显之处偷食苟得不知廉耻亦与人无威仪者同行下孟反之处昌虑反人而无仪不死何为笺云人以有威仪为贵今反无之伤化败俗不如其死无所害也疏相鼠至何为正义曰文公能正其群臣而在位犹有无礼者故刺之相鼠有皮犹人之无仪何则人有皮鼠亦有皮鼠犹无仪故可耻也人无礼仪何异于鼠乎人以有威仪为贵人无礼仪则伤化败俗此人不死何为若死则无害也笺视鼠至者同正义曰大夫虽居尊位为暗昧之行无礼仪而可恶犹鼠处高显之居偷食苟得不知廉耻鼠无廉耻与人无威仪者同故喻焉以传曰虽居尊位故笺言虽处高显之居以对之相鼠有齿人而无止止所止

6、息也笺云止容止孝经曰容止可观无止韩诗止节无礼节也人而无止不死何俟俟待也相鼠有体体支体也疏传体支体正义曰上云有皮有齿已指体言之明此言体非徧体也故为支体人而无礼人而无礼胡不遄死遄速也遄市专反文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档

7、编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W

8、10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A

9、7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2

10、文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G

11、1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S

12、6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2个人收集整理仅供参考学习（1）解释题意（2）离析章句（3）说明章旨（4）解释词

13、义（5）解释语句（6）注音释义（7）讲解语法（8）记述典章制度（四）古注的名称、术语1、名称：故、训、传、记、注、解、笺、章句、集解、校注、说、诠、述、学、订、校、考、证、征、集传、隐、疑、义、间诂、义疏、疏证、音义、正义、音训、内传、外传、大传、小传、补传等。2、术语（1）释义术语曰、为、谓之：译为“叫做”。例：诗经豳风七月：“黍稷重穋，禾麻菽麦。”毛亨传：“后熟曰重，先熟曰穋。”楚辞离骚：“各兴心而嫉妒。”王逸注：“害贤为嫉，害色为妒。”枚乘上书重谏吴王：“譬犹蝇蚋之附群牛。”李善注：“说文曰：秦谓之蚋，楚谓之蚊。”谓：译为“是指、是说”。被解释的词放在“谓”前，“谓”后的话往往用来说明词

14、语所指的范围或比喻、影射的事物。例：孟子滕文公上：“树艺五谷。”赵岐注：“五谷谓稻黍稷麦菽也。”荀子天论：“强本而节用。”杨倞注：“本谓农桑。”楚辞离骚：“恐美人之迟暮。”王逸注：“美人谓怀王也。”貌、之貌：译为“的样子”。放在动词或形容词后，说明被释的词是表示某种性质或某种状态的形容词。例：楚辞哀郢：“众踥蹀而日进兮。”洪兴祖注：“踥蹀，行貌。”庄子逍遥游：“夫列子御风而行，泠然善也。”郭象注：“泠然，轻妙之貌。”犹、犹言：译为“等于、等于说”。往往是用近义词作注，或者用引申义训解本文。例：左传庄公十年：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”杜预注：“间，犹与也。”孟子梁惠王上：“直不百步耳。”朱熹注：

15、“直，犹但也。”（2）声训术语之言、之为言：必须用声音相通的词语来作注释，即“声训”。例：论语季氏将伐颛臾：“吾恐季孙之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内也。”郑玄注：“萧之言肃也。墙谓屏也。君臣相见之礼至屏而加肃敬焉，是以谓之萧墙。”尔雅释训：“鬼之言归也。”论语为政：“为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所，而众星共之。”朱熹注：“政文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10

16、 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7

17、ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档

18、编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W

19、10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A

20、7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2

21、文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G

22、1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2个人收集整理仅供参考学习之为言正也，所以正人之不正也。德之为言得也，得于心而不失也。”（3）注音术语读为、读曰：一般是用本字来说明通假字，点明通假现象。例：庄子逍遥游：“而御六气之变。”郭庆藩注：“辩读为变。”书经尧典：“播时百谷。”郑玄注：“时读曰莳。”读若、读如：主要是注音，有时也用来注明假借字。例：楚辞离骚：“又重之以修能。”洪兴祖注：“故有才者谓之能，此读若耐。”吕氏春秋 重己：“其为饮食酏醴也，足以适味充虚而已矣。”高诱注：“酏读如诗”虵虵硕言之虵。”礼记儒行：“虽危，起居竟信其志。”郑玄注：“信，读如屈伸之伸，假借字也。”（4

23、）校勘术语衍文：也叫“衍字”，简称“衍”，指古籍中因传抄、刻印而误加的文字。脱文：也叫“夺字”，简称“脱”，指古籍因传抄刻印而脱落的文字。【古代汉语的修辞方式】（一）含义：修辞立其诚，所以居业也。易乾文言其旨远，其辞文，其言曲而中。系辞（二）分类：1、消极修辞：指遣词造句用语，使文字通顺流畅的方法，如增字，删字，颠倒，炼字等。2、积极修辞：指广泛使用的各种修辞方式。（1）引用目的：据事以类义，援古以证今。文心雕龙事类分类：A引言：引用那些不见之于书本的格言、俗语、谚语、歌谣等，以增强文章的说服力。例：迟任有言曰：“人惟求旧，器非求旧，惟新。”书经盘庚上野语有之曰：“闻道百，以为莫己若”者，我之

24、谓也。庄子秋水楚人谚曰：“得黄金百，不如得季布一诺。”史记季布列传故渔者歌曰：“巴东三峡巫峡长，猿鸣三声泪沾裳。”水经注巫山巫峡B引事：引用历史故事。例：昔卫灵公与雍渠同载，孔子适陈；商鞅因景监见，赵良寒心；同子参乘，袁丝变色：自古而耻之。报任安书一登龙门，则声价十倍，所以龙蟠凤逸之士，皆欲收名定价于君侯。李白与韩荆州书古之进人者，或取于盗，或取于管库。韩愈后十九日复上宰相书盖棺事则已，此志常觊豁。杜甫自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字关河梦断何处？尘暗旧貂裘。陆游诉衷情C引文：引用见之于载籍的文字。a 明引：直接说出引文的出处，或书名、作者，使人一看即知。先秦以引经书为主，如孟子引诗经26 次，荀子引诗

25、经 70 次。b 暗引：不指明引文出处，甚至把引文和本文合在一起。如岳阳楼记的“商旅不行”引自易经复卦，赤壁赋的“逝者如斯”引自论语子文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A

26、7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2

27、文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G

28、1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S

29、6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6

30、F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H

31、7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2个人收集整理仅供参考学习罕。c 略改：左相日与费万钱，饮如长鲸吸百川，衔杯乐圣称避贤。杜甫饮中八仙歌其末也，庄周以其荒唐之辞鸣。韩

32、愈送孟东野序王朗健笔誇翘楚。到如今，落霞孤鹜，竞传佳句。辛弃疾贺新郎（2）譬喻（比喻）作用：使道理通俗易懂，文字生动形象。分类：A明喻：往往用“譬如、譬犹、譬之、犹、若、如”等词语加以表明。例：背如泰山，翼若垂天之云。庄子逍遥游问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。李煜虞美人肤如凝脂。卫风硕人吾今日见老子，其犹龙耶？史记老庄申韩列传B隐喻：不用“譬喻”等比喻词，而是直接表述。例：如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为？鸿门宴周有天下，裂土田而瓜分之。步履星罗，四周于天下，轮运而辐集。柳宗元封建论将蕲至于古之立言者，则无望其速成，无诱于势利，养其根而竢其实，加其膏而希其光。根之茂者其实遂，膏之沃者其光晔

33、。韩愈答李翊书曹公，豺虎也。资治通鉴赤壁之战水是眼波横，山是眉峰聚。苏轼卜算子C博喻：用很多比喻来说明同一事物。例：有如兔走鹰隼落，骏马下注千丈坡，断弦离柱箭脱手，飞电过隙珠翻荷。苏轼百步洪试问闲愁都几许？一川烟草，满城风絮，梅子黄时雨。贺铸青玉案井蛙不可以语于海者，拘于虚也；夏虫不可以语于冰者，笃于时也；曲士不可以语于道者，束于教也。庄子秋水（3）代称（借代）定义：事物本有自己约定俗成的称号，有时为了修辞上的需要，作者不用该事物的固有名词，而临时借用与该事物有某种内在联系的词语作为称谓，叫做代称。区别代称与譬喻：譬喻是说甲事物好比乙事物，但不等于就是某事物，译为“像”。代称是直接代替，不是像

34、不像的问题，译为“是”。例：乘坚驱良逐狡兔。史记越王勾践世家乘坚策肥。汉书食货志虽乘奔御风，不以疾也。水经注巫山巫峡分类：A用该事物的性质、特征指代该事物。例：为肥甘不足于口与？轻暖不足于体与？孟子齐桓晋文之事五月渡泸，深入不毛。诸葛亮出师表素湍绿潭，回清倒影。水经注巫山巫峡载圆履方。淮南子本纪训文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A

35、7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2

36、文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G

37、1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S

38、6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6

39、F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H

40、7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C

41、3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2个人收集整理仅供参考学习试问卷帘人，却道海棠依旧。知否？知否？应是绿肥红瘦。李清照如梦令冲冠一怒为红颜。（吴伟业圆圆曲）赤脚挑残笋，苍头摘晚茶。陆游幽居初夏古之伐国，不杀黄口。淮南子礼论皤然阡陌间，来往几鲐背。陆游若耶村老人B用泛称代特称。例：晋国，天下莫强焉。孟子梁惠王上似逢我公，车边病是也。后汉书华佗传擅山海之富。洛阳伽蓝记王子坊但知以声色、土木淫蛊上心耳。青溪寇轨容齐逸史C用特称代泛称。例：凌阳侯之犯滥兮，忽翱翔之焉薄。九章哀郢送君南浦，伤如之何！江淹别赋许史相经过，高门盈四牡。王维偶然作大雅久不作，吾衰竟谁陈？李白古风区区之心，愿断三人头，竿之藁街。胡

42、铨戊午上高宗封事世有伯乐，然后有千里马。韩愈马说D用人名代事物。例：日高五丈睡正浓，将军打门惊周公。卢仝走笔谢孟谏议寄新茶春网荐琴高。黄庭坚送舅氏野夫之宣城E用地名代事物。例：欲写李成骤雨；惜无六幅鹅溪。黄庭坚题郑防画夹食顷，有一人控大宛，汗流驰至。白行简李娃传常恐夜寒花索寞，锦茵银烛按凉州。陆游花时遍游诸家花园十首F代职业，工种，官职等。例：先民有言，询于刍荛。大雅板以粟易械器者，不为厉陶冶。孟子吴人伐楚，获俘焉，以为阍。左传襄公二十九年及三闾桔诵，情采芬芳。文心雕龙颂赞G用部分代全体。例：今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。诸葛亮出师表朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。杜甫自京赴奉先咏怀五百字

43、（4）并提（分承、合叙）定义：并提是把两件相关的事并列在一个句子中来表达，使句子紧凑，文辞简练。例：夫种蠡无一罪，身死亡。史记脭醲肥厚。发皇耳目。枚乘七发耳目聪明。后汉书华佗传文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ

44、8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG

45、4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1

46、D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:

47、CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10

48、HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 Z

49、C1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2文档编码:CZ8M2H7G1W10 HG4S9C3S6A7 ZC1D2Q5R6F2个人收集整理仅供参考学习自非亭午夜分，不见曦月。水经注巫山巫峡并提之法用不好，则以辞害义

50、。例：封故御史大夫周苛孙平为绳侯，故御史大夫周昌子左车为安阳侯。史记孝景本记古籍中，合叙法用得较广泛。例：句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或否焉，小学而大遗。韩愈师说风霜高洁，水落而不出者，山间之四时也。欧阳修醉翁亭记兵革非不坚利也。孟子公孙丑下（5）互文（互见、互文见义）特点：上下文义互相呼应、补充。分类：A一个句子中某些字词互见。例：秦时明月汉时关。王昌龄出塞烟笼寒水月笼沙。杜牧泊秦淮没至晴初霜旦，林寒涧肃。郦道元水经注酿泉为酒，泉香而酒冽。欧阳修醉翁亭记朝晖夕阴，气象万千。范仲淹岳阳楼记主人下马客在船。白居易琵琶行B多数情况下，互见出现在上下两句之中。例：东西植松柏，左右种梧桐。焦仲卿妻受