地膜花生种植技术.pdf

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1、地膜花生种植技术花生高产栽培技术措施的核心是地膜覆盖；基础是肥料种子；保障是病虫害；措施是田间管理。花生地大部都是旱薄地，不盖膜跑墒更严重。一、播种前工作（一）深耕晒垡。花生的根，苗期可扎2040公分深，开花期可达 6070 公分深。深耕时间在冬前，耕后不耙，让其冷冻晒垡、风化。这样可杀死病菌、虫卵，增加熟土层，保水保肥。据试验冬耕增产16.8%，深耕增产 30%以上。（二）配方施肥 1、花生需肥特性:生产 100 公斤荚果需氮 6.4 公斤，磷 1.3 公斤，钾 3.2 公斤，比例是 4.8：1：1.7。花生是豆科作物，长有根瘤菌，根瘤菌起固氮作用，能把空气和水中的氮固定在根上，供花生生长需

2、要。因此，施肥方法上轻氮重磷钾、增微，氮减半。施氮多土壤中硝态氮抑制根瘤菌固氮，根瘤菌供氮与氮肥用量是及负相关反应。2、配方施肥；配方施肥是在增施有机肥的基础上配施化肥。亩产300400 公斤花生田，亩施有机肥2000公斤，没有土肥可施商品有机肥2530 公斤，化肥可选用花生专用肥，无专用肥选用低氮高磷钾型复合肥。如 45%（15-15-15 或 48%（16-16-16）4050 公斤加硫酸锌 1 公斤。总之，掌握肥地少施，瘦地多施。（三）整地起垄起垄栽培是夺取高产的一项技术，已得到广大种植户的认可。作用是增加活土层厚度、通风透光、排水防涝、有利收获。整地起垄要在正月雨雪过后有墒时及时耕耙平

3、整起垄。这样可起到蓄水保上墒作用，节气到时不耽误播种。起垄标准；垄高 12 公分，距宽 80 公分，垄沟宽 2025 公分，垄面宽 5565 公分。垄距宽和垄面宽可根据盖地膜宽度而定。（四）品种选用与处理 1、选用早熟、株型紧凑、结荚集中的白砂1016、罗汉果、9102 等珍珠豆型。白砂 1016 为什么常种不衰，就是饱果指数高。2、播前晒种。晒中的作用是提高发芽率，提前2 天出苗。播种前带壳晒种 23 天。种子剥壳时间以下地前1020 天。剥壳过早的种子易受冻害、过早吸受空气中水分，使种子含水量增加，种子含水量越大发芽越慢，反之越快。3、药剂拌种。用 50%辛硫磷按 1:1:100 比例拌种

4、。二、播期与方式 1、播期：地膜花生比露地花生提前15 天播种，当 5 厘米地温稳定在 12 度时即可播种。具体时间4 月 5 号，即清明以后。2、播种方式：起垄栽培一垄双行，行距3540 厘米，穴距 1516厘米，亩播 800010000穴或 1000012000穴，1 穴 2 粒。种植密度灵活掌握，薄地稠，壮地稀。播种深度一般掌握在5 厘米以内，黄土浅、砂土深。花生结果主要靠下面14 对侧枝，第 1 对侧枝结果占整株的70%以上，播种过深第一对侧枝被埋，影响结果。3、化除、地膜覆盖：播种盖土后，每亩用50%乙草胺 250 克或 90%乙草胺 200 克，对水 50 公斤，喷匀地面。土壤干旱

5、可适当增加药、水量。对整地早播种时草芽出土的，喷药时配合芽后除草剂或灭生性除草剂。喷洒除草剂后立即盖膜。地膜覆盖保温、保墒、促进生长，杀死病菌杂草，可提早播种，增产幅度大，比露地种植增产25%40%，亩产高达 350500公斤，而且上市早价格高，经济效益高。盖膜以机械最好，省工省时效果好。文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4

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12、Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6三、田间管理 1、苗期管理：（1）播种出苗为出苗期，时间 1215天。出苗开花为幼苗期，时间 2030 天。一般播后 812 天出苗，当 60%幼苗顶土鼓膜时，破膜放苗。破膜时间在上午10 点前、下午 4 点后。由于花生出苗时间不一致，破膜要分批进行。(2)查苗补种有缺苗现象立即补种。种子用两凉一热温水泡一天，露芽后下地。（3）清棵蹲苗齐苗时进行清棵，把花生根部土扒去露出子叶，利于第一对侧枝生长发育。（4）防治蚜虫蚜虫为害容易感染病毒病。亩用25%吡虫啉 16 克，对水 5

13、0 公斤喷雾。2、中期管理：50%开花50%鸡头壮幼果，为花生下针期。管理上主要是追肥和控旺。（1)追施叶面肥：亩追尿素7.5 公斤，配成溶液叶面喷雾。或 0.3%磷酸二氢钾溶液。(2)对旺长田（植株超过40 厘米），喷施控旺剂：壮饱胺、多效唑等。(3)二次防治地下虫。3、后期管理：50%植株出现荚果饱果，为饱果成熟期。管理上主要是防早衰防病害。一是后期叶面追肥，用磷酸二氢钾 200克兑水 50 公斤，或硫酸亚铁 120 克加尿素 500 克兑水 50 公斤页面面喷雾 12 次，以补营养防治早衰。二是做好病害防治。四、病虫害防治 1、虫害（1）地下害虫：蛴螬。防治方法:一是药剂拌（前面已提过）

14、。二是土壤处理，用5%毒死蜱颗粒剂 1.5-2公斤，在整地时施入。由于蛴螬一年发生多代，当开花后，前期药效一过去，所以，要进行二次防治，7 月份开花时，亩用毒死蜱文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G

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21、-900 克，拌砂 20 公斤，顺垄撒施，施后浅锄或下雨时施入，防治为害花生幼果。（2）蚜虫防治：亩用 25%吡虫啉 16 克兑水喷雾。2、花生病害（1）青枯病：幼苗幼株死亡，死后苗青。原因：主根管束堵塞，使养分水分不能畅通。发病时间一般在初花期。防治方法：(1)轮作；红薯、玉米、芝麻。（2)深耕；(3)合理施肥；(4)药剂防治：五录硝基苯拌种；甲基托布津、三唑酮、福美双喷雾、灌根。（2）根腐病：茎基部靠地面出现湿润状黄褐斑，叶片自下向上干枯，主侧根变褐腐烂。砂土重，黄土轻。防治方法：(1)农业防治：深耕、晒种、轮作。（2）药剂拌种：50%多菌灵按种子量 0.3%拌种。(3)茎腐病：称倒秧、卡

22、脖和烂秧。在根基部产生黄褐色水渍状病斑，最后成黑褐色腐烂，地上部萎蔫枯死。原因：种子带菌、连播、早播。防治方法：晒种、选择无病田繁种、多菌灵拌种。（4)叶斑病防治方法：开花前开始施药，78 月份是防治的重点。50%多菌灵800 倍；75%百菌清 600倍，15 天一次，连防 23 次。五、收获当花生中下部叶片转黄脱落，70%果壳硬化且网纹清晰，内壁青褐色斑块，果人饱满、光滑、程现品种特有色泽时可收获。文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U

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24、4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H

25、6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ

26、10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7

27、T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档

28、编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6文档编码:CS1G10X7U7B2 HN4A3Q8H6W4 ZJ10S8C7T2M6