英美概况专业考试重点.doc

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1、.英国 名词解释：1、 The Commonwealth of nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于 1931 年至 1991 年止已有 50 个 成员国。 2. The Norman Conquest 1066 诺曼征服公元 1066 年 1066 A.D. Reasons

2、 for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国 的原因。 It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066 during the important battle of Hastings William defeated Har

3、old and killed him. One Christmas Day William was crowned king of England thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说爱德华国王曾 答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元 1066 年 10 月在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中威廉打败了哈罗德军队同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。 在圣诞节加冕成为英国国王从此开始了诺曼征服。 3. The Black Death 黑死病 1348-1350 The Black Death is the modern

4、 name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It killed about one third of people in Europe. 4.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his

5、brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king,

6、William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 1685 年查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，是个 天主教徒，他希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但是 1688 的英国已不

7、象 40 年前那样能 容忍天主教徒当国王了。英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，他们呼吁信奉新教的国王，奥兰治亲 王威谦入侵英国夺取王位。1688 年 11 月 15 日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相 对平静，既未流血也未处死国王，所以就称为“光荣革命”。 5、The Industrial Revolution 工业革命(1780-1830) The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization

8、in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是 17 世纪末、18 世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和 经济结构的变化。 6、The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchys power is limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no real power. Constitutional monarchy began

9、 after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. 英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。 君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从 1688 年的光荣革命 后开始。.简答题：1. The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state. formation of the English nation 早期盎格鲁撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。 The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly

10、 they divided the country into shires which the Normans later called counties with shire courts and shire reeves or sheriffs responsible for administering law. Secondly they devised the narrow-strip three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly they also established the man

11、orial system 庄园制. Finally they created the Witan Council or meeting of the wise men to advise the king the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基 础。首先他们把国家划分为郡郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次他们 设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至 18 世纪。此外他们还建立了领地制。最后他们还创立了 咨议会贤人会议向国王提供建议这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。 2. Contents

12、and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章1215 的内容 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty- three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: 1、No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council. 2、No freemen should be a

13、rrested imprisoned or deprived of their property . 3、The Church should possess all its rights together with freedom of elections. 4 、London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges . 5 、There should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 大宪章是约翰国王 1215 年

14、在封建贵族压力下签定的。 大宪章总共 63 条其中最重要的内容是 1 未经大议会同 意不得征税 2 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产 3 教会 应享受其所有权利且有选举自由 4 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权 5 全 国要统一度量衡。 3、 大宪章的意义 the significance of the Great Charter Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties it was a stateme

15、nt of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons. a guarantee of the freedom of the Church a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管人们普遍

16、认为大宪章为英国的自由奠定了基 础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书，保证了教会的 自由，限制了国王权利。 大宪章的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在英国封建法律 允许的范围之内。 4. Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工业革命的结果 （1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; 使英国在 1830 年成为了“世界工场”；（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth. 城镇迅速

17、兴起，成 为国家财富的源泉。 （3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. 机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。 工人们在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。 （4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to

18、trade unionism. 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。 5、A Peoples Charter 人民宪章内容 1838 It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of .members of Parliament; (6)annua

19、l Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 宪章有六点 内容：（1）所有成年男子都有选举权；（2）进行无记名投票；（3）划分认输相等的选 区；（4）废除议员的财产资格要求；（5）议员应有报酬；（6）议会每年六月进行大选。 6. The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:二战后英国经 济发展可分为三个阶段: (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in

20、 this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.战后 50-60 年代平稳发展时期。其主要特点是经济缓慢而持续增长，失业率低， 物质丰富，人民消费水平不断增长。 (2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the

21、lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade 。70 年代经济滞胀。在 70 年代，英国在所有的发达资本主义国家中，始终保持最低经济增长率， 最高的通货膨胀率，和最高的贸易赤字纪录。 (3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the impro

22、ved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.80 年代经济复苏。一个显著特点是时 间长，复苏持续了 7 年。另一个特点是国际收支大大盈余，政府金融地位最高。 7、The reasons for the decline are as follows: 煤工业衰退的原因包括: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little i

23、nvestment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.老煤矿的枯竭，昂贵 的提炼费用，破旧的设备，极少的投资，由于进口更干净、更便宜、更高效的燃料导致的 需求下降等等。 8、British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 英国钢铁工业衰退 的原因如下: 1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted; 当地贮备枯竭；

24、2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products; 他们生产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产品， 3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation; 高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分开，导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益； 4. Many steelworks have

25、to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area. 许多钢铁厂倒闭，导致该地区的大批人失业。 9、The main functions of Parliament are: 议会的主要作用是： (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including

26、proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day. （1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税 为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题 辩论。 10、The sources of law include 法典来源包括: (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature i

27、s the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. （1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法” 或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个.共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。 一、Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 1、England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the la

28、rgest most populous section. Capital: London. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部是最大人口最稠密的地区。 2、Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones the Highlands in the north the Central lowlands the south Uplands Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它 有三大自然区北部高地中部低地及南部山陵。 首府爱丁堡。 3、Wales is in the west of Gre

29、at Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府 加的夫 4、Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。 首府 贝尔法斯特。 二、The Celts began to arrive Britain about 750 B.C. 约公元前 750 年克尔特人来到不列颠 岛。 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。 1、The first wave were

30、 the Gaels-came about 600 B.C. , whose language is still spoken in Scotland. 第一次高潮是约公元前 600 年盖尔人的来临。 2、The second wave were the Britons-came about 500 B.C. from whom the modern Welsh are mainly descended came and drove the Gaels to the north. 第二次高潮是约公元前 500 年布列吞 人的抵达。 3、The third wave were the Belga

31、e-came about 100 B.C. from Gaul. 第三次是约公元前 100 年 比利其人的到达。 三、The Anglo-Saxons 446-871 盎格鲁撒克逊人公元 446871 年 1Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁萨克逊时代奠定了英国的基础 四、The origins of the English Parliament 英国议会 1265 的起源 The Great Council is known to be the prototype 原型 of the current British Parl

32、iament. In 1265 Simon de Montfort summoned 召集 the Great Council together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice not to make decisions. There were no elections or parties

33、. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大议会是当今英国 议会的原型。1265 年西门德孟福尔召开大议会各县有两名骑士各镇有两名市民参加。大议 会发展到后来演变成议会分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定也没有选举和政党。 议会的最重要的部分是上议院。 五、The Hundred Years War and its consequences. 百年战争原因及其结果 The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France

34、that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. 百年战争 指 1337 年到 1453 年英法之间一场断断续续的战争战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。.1、 原因The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France as the Fre

35、nch kings grew stronger they increasingly coveted this large slice. 领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地这 是战争的根源随着法国国王势力日增他们渴望占领这片土地。 The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders which were the importer of English wool but they were loyal to the French king politically. 经济原 因则

36、与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商但这 些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。 England desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. 其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制不 断增强的民族意识。 2、 战争的结果 The English being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If

37、 the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 把英国人赶出法国 对两个国家都是幸事。若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优 势必然会阻碍独立的英国的发

38、展，而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下法国也很难统 一。 3、 Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响 The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessing for both countries. It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. Two separate nation were born after the war. 六、The

39、Wars of Rose 玫瑰战争 feudal civil war 1、The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. 玫瑰战争是指，从 1455 年到 1485 年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象 征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。 2、战争结果 Henry Tudor, d

40、escendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened. 1485 年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这 些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。 七、

41、Henry VIII and The English Reformation 亨利八世和英国的宗教改革 The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. 改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离 教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。 八、伊丽莎白 1. Elizabeth I was the last monarch of th

42、e Tudor Dynasty. 伊丽莎白一世是都铎王朝最后一位 君主。 2. In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony. 1952 年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新发明的电视使许多 人看到了加冕仪式的过程。.3、Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the Uni

43、ted Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他 领土和领地的上帝之恩典，女王，英联邦元首，共同信仰的保护者。” 4、The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, and she is head of the execu

44、tive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament. 女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部 分，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教“至高无上”的领袖。她任命首相和重要的 政府官员。对议会

45、通过的法案给予御准。 九、1、English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly 英国文艺复兴文学主要是文艺方面而不是哲学的和学术方面。 2、the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. 文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革 正好同步。 十、Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 （辉格党 Whig Party，自由党 Liberal Party ，工党 Labour Party 托利

46、党 Tony Party，保 守党 Conservative Party）联合内阁 Coalition 1、These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起 源于 1688 年的光荣革命。 2、The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition

47、 with dissident Tories in the mid- 19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗 教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19 世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。 3、The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党

48、人是指那些支持世袭 王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 十一、工业革命发明 (1) John Kays flying shuttle in 1733; 1733 年，约翰凯的飞梭； (2) James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1766; 1766 年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机； (3) Richard Arkwrights waterframe in 1769; 1769 年理查 德阿克赖特的水力纺织机； (4) Samuel Cromptons mule in 1779 1779 年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机； (5) Edmund Cartwr

49、ights power loom in 1784; 1784 年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机； (6) James Watts steam engine in 1765. 1765 年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。 十二、殖民地扩张 1. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. 英国殖民扩 张开始于 1583 年纽芬兰的殖民化。.2. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. 1867 年英国北美 法案确定加拿大为自治领。 3. English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no co