2018国际生命科学与生物技术发展态势.pdf

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1、1/13 封面2/13 作者：PanHongliang 仅供个人学习2018 国际生命科学与生物技术发展态势?文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G

2、9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J

3、5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:

4、CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10

5、A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U1

6、0 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K

7、7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J53/13 随着以纳 M 孔为标志的第三代基因测序技术迅猛来

8、袭，测序技术迈向高通量、高精度、低成本与便携性时代。与此同时，表观转录组分析技术、单细胞测序分析技术与基因编辑技术加速了人类生命蓝图的绘制与完善。这些生命科学手段与生物技术不断创新、交叉与融合，广泛地应用到科学前沿、临床应用乃至产业研发等诸多领域，从而涌现出了越来越多的生命科学研究：脑-机接口技术的重大突破，改造生命和创造生命的深入研究，干细胞与再生医学疗法的临床转化，微生物组与人类健康和疾病的重大关联，乃至细胞免疫疗法的无限潜力，无一不彰显出生命科学和生物技术向个体化、精准化迈进的趋势。（一）重大研究进展?1.生命组学研究继续推动生命科学发现技术创新和交叉推动生命组学研究向更精确的方向发展。

9、在基因组方面，韩国首尔大学医学院利用PacBio 单分子测序技术结合 BioNano（生物纳 M）单分子光学图谱技术，发表了最为连续的人类二倍体基因组组装结果。在转录组方面，德国马克斯-普朗克学会（马普学会）生物物理化学研究所开发了瞬时转录组测序技术，绘制了人类瞬时转录组图谱；美国斯克利普斯研究所协同多家机构完成了大脑单神经元转录组的大规模评估。在蛋白质组方面，美国系统生物学研究所和瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院合作开发了人类SRMAtlas 分析文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9

10、A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5

11、文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:C

12、G2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A

13、4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10

14、 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7

15、V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5

16、 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J54/13 方法，首次定量检测了完整的人类蛋白质组；美国多家机构联合开展了大规模蛋白质基因组学（proteogenomics）研究，探索了驱动乳腺癌和卵巢癌的关键因子。在免疫组方面，哈佛大学医学院在一系列免疫细胞中进行了干扰素诱导基因表达和染色质的分析，构建了干扰素诱导调节网络；新一代基因测序技术推动了免疫组库分析的临床应用

17、。2脑科学酝酿全球合作研究，脑-机接口技术实现重大突破脑科学持续稳步发展，并酝酿全球合作。在美国、欧洲和中国的脑计划不断推进的同时，全球神经科学家积极探讨开展全球协作，共同解决脑科学研究三大挑战，获得了系列成果，尤其在脑-机接口技术上取得了重要突破，推动基础研究快速发展。美国冷泉港实验室开发的标记大脑神经元MAP-seq新技术，有望实现深度神经网络的重大突破；美国洛克菲勒大学首次精确定位并定量了哺乳动物大脑中的基因表达。脑图谱绘制方面，美国加州大学伯克利分校成功绘制了大脑语义地图，迈出了解读人类思想的关键一步；美国华盛顿大学完成了人类大脑皮层图谱，97 个大脑皮层区域首次亮相；美国艾伦脑科学研

18、究院绘制了迄今最完整的数字版人脑结构图谱，将成为大脑研究的最新指南。美国俄亥俄州立大学、瑞士联邦技术研究所分别利用脑-机接口技术，实现了脊髓损伤后人类和黑猩猩对自身部位而非假肢的控制，标志着脑-机接口技术在2016 年迈出了重要一步。文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8

19、U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK

20、4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M

21、3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF

22、5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R

23、4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编

24、码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G

25、10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J55/13 3合成生物学发展突飞猛进合成生物学在改造生命和创造生命方面的研究愈发深入。随着软件工具的迅速发展与大数据技术的广泛应用，美国克雷格文特尔研究所等机构在以前工作的基础上，人工合成了目前世界上最小、仅含有473 个基因的“合成细菌细胞”Syn3.0；美国哈佛大学通过计算机软件设计出了只包含57 个密码子的大肠杆菌基因组，这一事件入选了我国两院院士投票评选的 2016 年世界十大科技进展新闻；美国华盛顿大学通过计算、建模、预测与优化，首次人工设计出了超级稳定的二十面体蛋白，该重大成果入选了2016 年科学杂志评选的十大科学突

26、破，为合成生物学、药物装载提供了良好的工具。此外，人类基因组编写计划日益受到研究人员的关注；能够合成硅-碳键生物体的诞生预示着合成生物学未来具有无限可能性。4干细胞与再生医学研究展现临床应用巨大前景全球各国继续大力支持干细胞与再生医学研究，同时强化监管体系建设，进一步加速了干细胞与再生医学疗法的临床转化进程，干细胞基础研究持续深入。日本九州大学首次实现了干细胞体外生成成熟卵细胞，为理解卵子形成进程提供了新的蓝图，该成果入选了2016 年科学杂志评选的十大科学突破；美国加州大学旧金山分校利用化合物把皮肤细胞成功转化为心肌细胞与脑细胞；美国马里兰大学医学中心首文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10

27、HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V

28、7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5

29、ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A

30、7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文

31、档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG

32、2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4

33、Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J56/13 次利用成人干细胞修复新生儿心脏。与此同时，包括干细胞在内的细胞技术与组织工程、3D 打印等工程化技术的融合，逐渐指明了工程化组织器官修复的发展方向。美国韦克福雷斯特大学利用“组织和器官集成打印系统

34、”（ITOP）打印出人造耳朵、骨头和肌肉组织，将其移植给动物后都能保持活性，有望解决人造器官移植难题。5人类微生物组展现与人类健康和疾病重大关联人类微生物组被称为人类的第二套基因组，该领域已经成为生物医学研究的热点，并获得各国的广泛关注。近年来，对待微生物组的观念更是从“影响人类健康和疾病”转变为“将人体微生物组视作一个人体器官”，显示人类微生物组的重要作用。目前，肠道微生物组是其中最受关注的领域。2016年，肠道微生物组与人类健康和疾病的关系研究持续推进，研究发现，肠道微生物对代谢疾病、心血管疾病、神经系统疾病、癌症等多种疾病均具有重要的调控作用，同时与免疫应答和营养水平也具有紧密联系。美国

35、耶鲁大学解释了肠道菌群引起肥胖的机制，解决了困扰学界多年的难题；美国加州理工学院阐述了肠道微生物与帕金森病的联系，证明肠道中特定种类微生物的分泌物会与-突触核蛋白“携手”导致帕金森病的发生；美国华盛顿大学、法国里昂第一大学同时发现在热量匮乏的情况下，肠道菌群的组成可以决定个体是健康生长还是发育不良。这三项研究被评为“全球健康尤其文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G

36、10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8

37、U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK

38、4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M

39、3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF

40、5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R

41、4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编

42、码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J57/13 是营养学的一个分水岭”。在机制探索的基础上，肠道微生物也为多种疾病的诊断和治疗带来了新的机遇。美国贝勒医学院发现一种肠道细菌能够逆转小鼠的自闭症状；比利时鲁汶大学发现一种名为Akkermansia 的肠道细菌能够减缓小鼠的肥胖和糖尿病进程；微生物疗法公司Seres Therapeutics宣布启动全球首个合成性微生物药物SER-262 治疗原发性艰难梭菌感染的b 期临床实验。6首个 PD-L1 免疫疗法药物上市，细胞免疫疗法

43、有望攻克实体瘤近年来，免疫疗法研发热度持续不减，被视为肿瘤治疗的新希望。2016 年 麻省理工科技评论（MIT Technology Review）将应用免疫工程治疗疾病评为年度十大突破技术。免疫检查点抑制剂和细胞免疫疗法是当前肿瘤免疫疗法研究的热点。在免疫检查点抑制剂方面，2016 年美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准了首个以PD-L1 为靶点的免疫疗法药物 Tecentriq。2016 年，细胞免疫疗法在攻克实体瘤方面取得了多项突破性成果。美国宾夕法尼亚大学在小鼠模型中证明了靶向癌细胞表面蛋白Tn-MUC1 的嵌合抗原受体T 细胞（CAR-T）疗法治疗白血病和胰腺癌的有效性；美国希望之城

44、医学中心贝克曼研究所利用靶向白细胞介素的CAR-T 疗法治疗脑癌患者，患者肿瘤显著缩小，且肿瘤曾完全消失；文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A

45、7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文

46、档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG

47、2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4

48、Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10

49、HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V

50、7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J5文档编码:CG2G10A4Z8U10 HK4K7V7M3R5 ZF5G9A7R4J58/13 美国国立卫生研究院（National Institu