1.1人体的内环境与稳态.pdf

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1、1/4 第一章第一节导学案课题人体的内环境与稳态教案目标课标内容说明稳态的生理意义复习目标1、说明内环境稳态及其生理意义;简述稳态的调节机制。2、关注内环境稳态与健康的关系。3、尝试解释生物体维持pH稳定的机制。复习重点1、内环境的组成和理化性质。2、内环境是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介。复习难点1、内环境的理化性质。2、内环境是细胞与外界环境进行物质交换的媒介。教案过程及主要教案内容教法学法学习记录【知识梳理】一、体内细胞生活在细胞外液中及细胞外液成分1细胞外液(内环境、淋巴等。组成：(1(2 概念：由细胞外液构成的液体环境叫内环境。(3 三者关系：2细胞外液成分比较(1 组织液、淋巴的

2、成分和含量与血浆。，而组织液和淋巴中含量很少。最主要差别在于血浆中含有较多的(2提醒：1）血浆是血液的一部分，是血细胞直接生活的液体环境，属于机体内环境的组成成分。2）血浆中水来源：组织液、血细胞、淋巴，还有消化道吸收。二、细胞外液的理化性质及作用血液有形成分血细胞红细胞白细胞血小板液体成分血浆：水、无机盐、葡萄糖、氨基酸、血浆蛋白等2/4 提醒：1）内环境的理化性质是相对稳定的,不是恒定不变的。2）血红蛋白存在红细胞内部，不属于内环境成分，血浆蛋白存在于血浆属于内环境成分。三、内环境稳态1.概念：正常机体通过作用，使各个协调活动共同维持内环境的状态叫做稳态。2.调节机制：调节。保持状态。实质

3、：内环境的3.。体进行正常生命活动的意义：机4.【难点精析】一、细胞外液的内涵与外延：“细胞外液”属于多细胞动物的一个概念,单细胞生物无所谓“细胞外液”；细胞外液即内环境,二者内涵与外延相同，只是侧重点不同细胞外液相对于生物细胞的生活环境，而内环境相对于外界环境。人的呼吸道、肺泡腔、消化道、泪腺等有孔道与外界相通的液体应算作人体外部环境，如尿液、原尿、消化液等不是细胞外液。二、内环境的成分：水；蛋白质；无机盐；血液运送的各种营养物质，如脂质、氨基酸、维生素、葡萄糖、核苷酸等；血液运送的各种代谢废物，如尿素、尿酸、氨等；血液运送的气体、激素，如O2、CO2、胰 岛素等；其它如维生素、神经递质等。

4、三、不属于内环境的成分：血红蛋白；载体蛋白；呼吸酶；H2O2酶；DNA复制、转录、翻译有关的酶；突触小泡内神经递质。四、特殊细胞的内环境：毛细血管壁细胞血浆和组织液;毛细淋巴管壁细胞淋巴和组织液;组织细胞 指除血细胞、淋巴细胞和上述两种细胞之外的其它细胞，如肝脏细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、消化道上皮细胞、皮肤表皮细胞等）组织液。五、能在内环境中发生的化学反应：血浆pH 的调节;抗体与抗原的识别及结合;神经递质与受体结合；组织胺使毛细血管扩张。六、内环境细胞和外界环境交换的媒介1.图示内环境作为细胞与外界环境间的媒介，与体内各系统间发生密不可分的功能联系，如图：1.理化性质酸碱度：血浆的pH为，维持稳

5、定的缓冲对为和。温度：一般维持在左右。概念：溶液中对水的吸引力。大小：取决于单位体积中溶质微粒的。来源：主要与、的含量有关，其中细胞外液渗透压 90%以上来源于。渗透压。进行作用：内环境是2.文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 Z

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7、ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1

8、 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X

9、1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1

10、X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C

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12、C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q83/4 2.析图物质类别转移途径相 关系统穿膜层数养料 如葡萄糖）消化 血液循环组织液组织细胞消化系统循环系统进上皮细胞 2）+进出毛细血管壁细胞 4）+组织细胞 1）=7层废物 如尿素）组织细胞组织液内环境）血液循环泌尿系统或皮肤体外循环系统泌尿系统出组织细胞 1）+进出毛细血管壁细胞4）+出肾小球细胞 1）=7 层O2肺泡肺毛细血管血液循环毛细血管组织液组织细胞呼吸系统循环系统出肺泡细胞 2）+进出毛细血管壁细胞4）+进出红细胞 2）+进组织细胞1）=9 层；若被利用+进

13、线粒体 2）=11 层；CO2运输不经红细胞，所以相应减少2 层膜CO2与 O2的转移途径相反循环系统呼吸系统提醒：代谢废物包括CO2、尿素、多余的H2O 和无机盐,首先到达的场所组织液。相关系统及功能：循环系统负责运输；呼吸系统排出CO2和少量 H2O以气体形式）；泌尿系统排出尿素、H2O 和无机盐；皮肤排出部分 H2O、无机盐和尿素。涉及到代谢废物排出有关的系统为呼吸系统和泌尿系统，有关器官主要为肺、肾脏和皮肤。体内所有细胞直接获取营养物质的场所都是内环境,不能直接从外界获取。如皮肤表皮细胞不能从空气中直接吸收利用O2而必需从组织液中获取。一切与外界相通的管腔、囊腔如消化道、呼吸道、膀胱、

14、子宫等）及与外界相通的液体 组织液，CO2则相反，因为气体通过自由扩散顺浓度差运输。七、组织水肿：组织水肿是由于组织液增多造成的，其水分可以从血浆、细胞内液渗透而来。主要原因包括以下几个方面：文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 Z

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16、ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1

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18、1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1

19、X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C

20、1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10

21、C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q84/4 1）过敏反应中组织胺的释放引起毛细血管壁通透性增高，血浆蛋白进入组织液使其浓度升高，吸水造成水肿。2）毛细淋巴管受阻，组织液中大分子蛋白质不能回流至毛细淋巴管而致使组织液浓度升高。3）组织细胞代谢旺盛，代谢产物增加时，引起组织液浓度升高。4）严重营养不良引起血浆蛋白减少，渗透压下降。血浆渗透压受血浆蛋白含量影响较大，任何使血浆蛋白减少的因素都会引起血浆透压下降，组织液回流减弱，组织间隙液体增加。5）肾脏病变引起细胞内外液体交换失衡。急性肾小球肾炎肾小球滤过膜通透性降低

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23、Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z1

24、0Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z

25、10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1

26、Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O

27、1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3

28、O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8文档编码:CK5J5A10L6V6 HV1J8E10C1X1 ZX9M3O1Z10Q8