初中英语语法专题资料(含讲义与~练习题).doc

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1、|第一讲 名词和冠词一 名词：世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。（专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写） 表示人： Yang Liwei 杨利伟 Alice 爱丽丝 表示事物： the Changjiang River 长江 December 十二月 表示地名： Macao 澳门 New York 纽约 表示节日: Christmas Day 圣诞节 Childrens Day 儿童节 表示机构： WTO 世界贸易组织 the University of Lond

2、on 伦敦大学 普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。 类 别 定 义 例 词个体名词 用来指单个人或者事物的名词。 taxi 出租车 scientist 科学家computer 电脑可数名词 集体名词用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 army 军队 police 警察family 警察 class 班级物质名词 用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。water 水 wind 风glass 玻璃 steel 钢铁普 通 名 词不可数名词 抽象名词 用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。honesty 诚实 love 热爱silence 安静life 生活（一）名词

3、的单复数形式： 可数名词的单复数形式1. 规则变化 构成法 例一般情况在词尾加-s shop-shops desk-desks以 s,x,sh,ch 结尾的词，在词尾加 -esbus-buses box-boxeswatch-watches brush-brushes以 ce,se,ze, (d)ge 等结尾的词直接加 -sface-faces house-housespagepages 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，y 变成 i 再加-esbabybabies citycities factoryfactories story-stories以辅音字母+o 结尾的词，多数在词尾加-estomat

4、otomatoes heroheroespotatopotatoes 以元音字母+o 结尾的词和某些以 o 结尾的外来词，加-sradioradios photophotospianopianos zoo-zoos以 f 或 fe 结尾的词，多数变 f 或 fe 为 v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-s lifelives knifeknives wifewives roofroofs 2. 不规则变化 名词复数的特殊形式 |manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, footfeet, toothteeth,

5、childchildren, GermanGermans 有些名词的单复数形式同形Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish 合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式girl studentgirl students pencil-boxpencil-boxes 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词，全部变成复数 man doctormen doctors woman teacher -women teachers 只有复数的名词trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people,

6、 scissors, chopsticks 不可数名词的数量表达a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 课堂练习：A 组：选择最佳答案1. Mrs. Lenny gave us _ on how to learn English well.A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If the

7、se trousers are too big, buy a small _A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of _ are talking about two _A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; FrenchmansC) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cup

8、s of coffees D) two cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers6. We neednt buy any _. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many _ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milk

9、s D) glasses of milk 8. I think maths _ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two _ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. Im thirsty, please make _ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B 组：用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I have two _(knife). 2. They come from

10、different _(country). 3. The _(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice _(photo). Let me show you some of them. 5. How many _(foot) does a cat have?|6. There are many _(bus) on the road. 7. Look at the picture, a lion is running after a group of _(deer).8. Here is a birth

11、day card for you with our best _(wish).9. Changjiang River is one of the longest _(river) in China.10. The students in Class 1 are all _(Japan). C 组：判断对错1. A: My glasses is broken. ( ) B: My glasses are broken. ( ) 2. A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ( ) B: I want to buy two shoes. ( ) 3. A: I n

12、eed a few ink. ( ). B: I need a little ink. ( ) 4. A: Dont eat too much meat. ( ) B: Dont eat too much meats. ( ) 5. A: May I borrow two radioes? ( ) B: May I borrow two radios? ( ) (二) 名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式1. 单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加s Jims sister Lucys pen 2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加 the students book Teachers Day

13、3. 不以 s 结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加s Childrens Day Womens Day 4. 表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加s, Lucy and Lilys bedroom5. 表示各自所有的， 则每个名词都加s Lucys and Lilys desks 6. 名词所有格常用省略式， 省去被名词所有格修饰的名词 at the doctors 7. “of+ 名词所有格” ，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个 a friend of my fathers the window of the room A 组： 选择最佳答案1. Tonys car

14、 is more beautiful than _.A) his brothers and sister B) his brother and sister C) his brothers and sisters D) his brother and sisters 2. -How long does it take to get to the station? -Its _ walk.A) six minutes B) six-minutes C) six minutes D) six minutes 3. These are _ bikes.A) Jin and Sams B) Jims

15、and Sam C) Jim and Sam D) Jims and Sams 4. Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in the accident.A) person; life B) people; lives C) peoples; lives D) persons; life 5. Theres something important in _.A) paper of today B) today newspapers C) today newspaper D) todays newspaper6. Miss Smith is a frie

16、nd of _A) Marys mothers B) Marys mother C) Mary mothers D) mothers of Mary 7. Joan is _ sister. A) Mary and Jack B) Marys and Jacks C) Marys and Jack D) Mary and Jacks 8. I will give you _ to finish it. A) two weeks time B) two week time C) two weeks time D) two weeks time 9. This is not your radio,

17、 but _A) yours brother B) your brothers C) you brothers D) yours brothers 10. My school is about twenty _ walk from here?A)minute B) minutes C) minutes D) minutes |二 冠词 ： 英语中名词前常会出现 a,an 或 the 这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物，冠词是虚词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。 （一）不定冠词 a; an 1. 不定冠词表示数量中的“一个” ，但是数的概念没有 one 强烈。

18、修饰单数可数名词。 用来指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。a 用在辅音因素开头的词前，a pen, a useful book; an 用在以元音因素开头的词前， an apple, an hour, an honest boy2. 用在某些固定的短语中： in a minute, for a walk, have a good time, have a look 等 （二）定冠词的用法1. 特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。 Look at the blackboard. 2. 用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。 the sun, the moon, the earth 3.

19、 对前面已提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时加定冠词，用以表示特指。 I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful.4. 用在序数词或形容词最高级前。 They live on the tenth floor.5. 用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人” the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the deaf, the blind 6. 用在乐器名称前 play the violin play the piano 7. 在姓氏的复数形式之前，表示一家人 the Smiths the Li

20、s 8. 用在方位词前9. 用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前10. 用在某些固定的词组中 in the morning in the open air (三) 不用冠词的情况 1. 某些专有名词前 China, Class Four, 2. 在球类运动名称和三餐饭前面，一般不用冠词 have lunch, play football3. 在季节，日期，星期，节日和学科的名称前，不用冠词 in spring, in June, on Monday 4. 在不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）前面， 一般不用冠词 We have all played with snow and ic

21、e. 5. 名词前面已经作定语用的 this, these, that, those, my, their, your, his, some, many 等词时，常常不用冠词。 her pocket, this handbag, some pizza 6. 一些习惯用法和固定短语中， 常不用冠词 in bed, after school, by bus 课堂练习：A 组：选择最佳答案1. Theres _ “h” in the word “house”. A) a B) / C) an D) the 2. Jack bought _ useful book. _ book is also ve

22、ry interesting.A) an; The B) a; The C) an; / D) a; A 3. -Can I help you, madam? -Im looking for _pair of shoes for my daughter. A) the B) an C) a D) some 4. _ elephant is much heavier than a house. A) A B) An C) The D) /5. After watching TV, she played _ guitar for an hour. A) / B) the C) an D) a |6

23、. -Where is Xiao Ming? -Hes having _ rest over there. A) a B) an C) the D) / 7. We have three meals _ day. We have _ breakfast at 6:30 in _morning every day. A) the; the; the B) the;/; the C) a;/;the d) a; the; the 8. The cartoon “Mulan” is _ interesting film and _ story happened in China. A) a; the

24、 B) an; the C) the; a D) an; a 9. In the United States, Fathers Day falls on _ third Sunday in _ June. A) the; / B) the; a C) /; the D) a; / 10. What _ interesting book it is! A) a B) an C) the D) / B 组：判断对错1. Please turn off lights before you leave. ( ) 2. I live on a second floor of this building.

25、 ( )3. I like to climb the mountain in the autumn. ( ) 4. The little boy wanted to go to cinema. ( ) 5. I went to New York by car. ( ) 本节妙语巧记名词单数变复数规则： 名词单数变复数，一般加-s 没有错。词尾若是 s,x,ch,sh, 直接加上 es 。词尾若是 f 或 fe, 加 s 之前要变 ve。“辅音字母+y”来结尾， 变 y 为 i 有道理， 再加-es 没问题。词尾字母若是 o, 加-es 有 tomato 和 potato。不规则变化要特别记，o

26、o 常要变 ee, footfeet 是一例。男人女人 a 变 e, womanwomen 看仔细。child 复数要记住， “孩子们“ 是 children。 定冠词的用法： 特指双方熟悉，上文以及提及；世上独一无二， 序数词最高级；某些专有名词，习惯用语乐器。 |第二讲 代词和数词一 代词代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，不定式，动词的-ing 形式或句子的词。 1. 人称代词： 人称代词的主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。 单数 复数格 数人 称 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you you第三人称 he,she,it him

27、,her,it they them注意： 不同的人称合在一起使用时，一般的排序为： 单数：you and I; you and he; he and I; you, he and I 复数：we and you; we and they; you and they; we, you and they2. 物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式，表示“所有”词义类型我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他（她，它）们的形容词性 my your his her its our your their名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours t

28、heirs3. 反身代词： 表示我（们）自己，你（们）自己，他、它、她（们）自己的词人称数第一人称 第二人称 第三人称单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself复数 ourselves yourselves themselves4. 疑问代词： what，which, who, whom, whose 等 5. 指示代词： 是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，具有指定的含义。this； that; these; those 6. 不定代词：不明确指代某个（某些）人，某个（些）事物的代词。 some, any, many, much, a lot of 与

29、 lots of many 修饰或代词可数名词的复数。 much 修饰或代替不可数名词。 a lot of 和 lots of 既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 some 和 any 表示“一些” ，即不确定的或未知的数量数目。Some 通常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。Some 可用在表示邀请或请求的疑问句中，强调希望对方给予肯定回答。Would you like some apples? other 与 another 的用法 other 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物。other 表示“另外的” ， “其他的” ，the other 表示“两者中的另一个”

30、 ， the others 表示“其余的（指在一个范围内的其他全部） ”，others 用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物” 。 another 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物，表示“另一个” （是泛指中的“另外一个” ，并不是两者中的另一个）或“又一个” 。 each 与 every 表示“每一” each 强调“ 个别” ，可单独使用，也可修饰单数名词或跟 of 引导的介词短语；every 修饰单|数名词，强调“整体” ，相当于汉语中的“每个都” 。 everyone 与 every one 的区别：everyone 意为“每人” ， “人人” ，只指人，不指物，后面不能跟 of 引导的介词短

31、语；every one 意为“每个” ，通常用来指物，后面能跟 of 引导的介词短语。 every 及其所构成的复合代词 everybody, everyone, everything 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 “every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”表示“每隔”, 译成汉语减去一： every three days 每隔两天 every third days 每三天 no 和 none 表示“无” ， “没有” no= not a, not any 作定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词；none 后跟引导的介词短语，在句中作主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人” 。 n

32、obody, no one, nothing 只能单独使用，后面不跟 of 引导的介词短语。 nobody, no one, nothing 和 none 常用作简略答语。一般情况下， nothing 回答 what 问句；nobody 或 no one 回答 who 问句；none 回答 how many 或 how much 问句。 all, both, whole 表示“都” ， “全部” both 指两个人或事物，而 all 指三个或者三个以上的人或事物。 both 和 all 都可直接修饰名词；名词前如有限定时，其前只能用 both of 或 all of.。 both 和 all

33、在句中位于 be 动词之后，行为动词之前，如有情态动词或助动词，则位于情态动词或助动词与行为动词之前。 注：both 的反义词是 neither; all 的反义词是 none neither 与 either 的用法：neither 表示 “两者都不”；either 表示“两者之一”或 “两者中的任何一个” 。 后面跟单数名词或“of+宾格人称代词/带限定词的复数名词 ”。 few, a few 和 little, a little few 和 a few 指代可数名词；little 和 a little 指代不可数名词。 a little 修饰不可数名词时相当于 a bit of. few

34、 和 little 表示“没有几个” ， “很少” ， 含否定意义；a few 和 a little 表示“有几个” ， “有一些” ， 含有肯定意义 口语中常用 only a few 或 only a little 表示“只有一些（点） ”，quite a few 表示“相当多” one, ones 指代名词 one 指代单数可数名词，ones 指代复数名词，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。 one 或 ones 前有 the, this, that 或 these, those 等词时，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。课堂练习：A 组：选择最佳答案 (人称代词， 物主代词，反身代词)1. Ma

35、ry, please show _ your picture. A) my B) mine C) I D) me 2. -Did you find your watch yesterday? -No, I didnt find _, but Ive bought _.A) it; it B) one; one C) it; one D) one; it 3. Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and _?A) she B) I C) his D) me 4. Whats wrong with _?A) him B) he C) his D) /

36、5. The skirt is _. She made it _.A) hers; herself B) her; herself C) herself; hers D) herself; her |6. Let _ carry the heavy bag for the old woman. A) you and B) I and you C) me and you D) you and me7. -Would you like some more ice? -Yes. Just _A) a few B) few C) little D) a little 8. I saw _ playin

37、g in the garden at that time.A) them B) they C) their D) theirs 9. He has a good room, but I dont think its a big as _A) I B) me C) mine D) my 10. Mr. Li teaches _ English.A) us B) we C) our D) ours11. A friend of _ came here yesterday.A) my B) his C) her D) your 12. You cannot finish the work _. Le

38、t me give you a helping hand. A) you B) yourself C) by you D) you only B 组：选择最佳答案（不定代词）1. I want _ books to read. Do you have _?A) some; any B) any; some C) any; any D) some; some 2. I have two pens. One is red, _ is blue.A) the other B) others C) other D) another 3. -You look so happy! -Jack says I

39、 am pretty. _ has ever told me that before.A) Somebody B) Anybody C)Everybody D) Nobody 4. -Can you cook eggs with tomatoes? -Yes, of course. _ can do it, it is easy.A) Anyone B) Someone C) No one D) Everyone else 5. Mike and Joan are _ good at maths.A) neither B) both C) each D) no one 6. There is

40、_ snow this winter. A) many B) more C) much D) a few 7. There are six people in the office. _ of them are Party members.A) All B) Both C) No one D) Neither 8. That scientist was too busy to work in his lab. He had _ time to do the research work.A) few B) a few C) little D) a little 9. All the studen

41、ts had gone out. There was _ in the classroom.A) somebody B) anybody C) nobody D) everybody10. -When shall we go to the park, this morning or this afternoon?-_ is OK. Im free the whole day.A) Either B) Neither C) None D) Both C 组：用所给词的正确形式填空1. Let _ have a look. The coat isnt mine. _ coat is on the bed. (I) 2. -Have you got _ blue T-shirts? -No, but weve got _