HistoryofWesternCivilizationbefo (75).pdf

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1、8.3 French RevolutionHi,guys.This is the third part of Chapter 8the French Revolution.1.France,officially the French Republic is a sovereign state,and unitary semi-presidential republic.French territory consists of Mainland Francein Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories.The Mai

2、nland France extends from the English Channel and the North Sea to theMediterranean Sea,from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rhine River in the east,bordered by Belgium,Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast,Switzerland and Italy to the east,and Spain to the south.Corsica,the island in the Mediterranean

3、Sea also belongs to France.France has apopulation of 67.3 million,its capital Paris is the countrys largest city and cultural and commercial center.The capital city of France is Paris,theeconomic and cultural center.Other major cities include Lille,and also Lyon,and Nice,and Marseille,and Toulouse,a

4、nd Bordeaux which isfamous for Bordeaux wine.2.Let see the symbols of France.The Louvre Museum is the worlds largest art museum and a historic monument.3.The Eiffel Tower built as the entrance to the 1889 Worlds Fair,Arc de Triomphe,the Arch of victory honors those who fought and died inthe French R

5、evolution and Napoleonic Wars.The street is called Champs Elysees,a 1.9 kilometer long avenue,known for theatres,cafs,andluxury shops,for the annual Bastille Day military parade,and final of the Tour de France bicycle race.4.Liberty Leading the PeopleThis painting is called Liberty Leading the Peopl

6、e a painting by Eugne Delacroix commemorating the French Revolution of 1830,also known asthe July Revolution which toppled King Charles X of France.Marianne,Goddess of Liberty,a national symbol of the French Republic,is holdingthe flag of the French Revolution,the Tricolor.When I visited the Louvre

7、Museum,I didnt get closer to the Mona Lisa,too crowded!I was luckyto face this painting alone for a few minutes.What came to my mind is the street fighting described by Victor Hugo in his novel Les Misrables,which means a miserable world.5.The national motto of France is Liberty,Equality,Fraternity.

8、Fraternity is friendship,brotherhood or universal love.The national anthem of France is La Marseillaise,the lyric was written in 1792 by de Lile,an officer of the French Revolutionary Wars.The songreflected the invasion of France by foreign armies from Prussia and Austria that were under way when it

9、 was written.Arise,children of our Nation,The day of glory has arrived!Against us tyrannysBloody banner is raised,Do you hear,in the countryside,The roar of those ferocious soldiers?Theyre coming right into your armsTo cut the throats of your sons,your women!To arms,citizens,Form your battalions,Let

10、s march,lets march!Let an impure bloodSoak our fields!Let listen to it.6.Now lets look at the Chinese national anthem,March of the VolunteersWritten by Tian Han in 1934 during the War of Resistance Against Japan and set to music by Nie Er.Arise,ye who refuse to be slaves!With our flesh and blood,let

11、 us build a new Great Wall!As China faces its greatest peril1From each one the urgent call to action comes forth.Arise!Arise!Arise!Millions of but one heartBraving the enemies fire!March on!Braving the enemies fire!March on!March on!March,march on!Do you think the national anthem of China,the United

12、 States and France have the same spirit?That is the spirit of patriotism;they are all callingpeople to fight for the motherland when it is in danger.To me they are the 3 greatest national anthems in the world,of cause the number one isours.7.before the RevolutionFrance comes from the Latin term Fran

13、cia,country of the Franks.The Kingdom of the Franks was the largest Barbarian kingdom in WesternEurope during the Early Middle Ages which lasted from 481 to 843.It is the direct ancestor of both modern France and Germany.The Kingdomof the Franks went through the Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasty.F

14、rom 800 it became the Holy Roman Empire and Charlemagne became thefirst Holy Roman Emperor.Charlemagne died in 814,and his son Louis the Pious succeeded.After the death of Louis in 843 the empire wasdivided by his three sons.In the future the West Franks became France,the east became Germany,and the

15、 middle became Holland,Belgium,Luxembourg,Lorraine,Switzerland and northern Italy.The Carolingian dynasty ended in the West Francia in 987 when Hugh Capet became the first King of a Capetian dynasty.The Capetians and theircadet lines the Valois and Bourbon ruled France until 1792.In 1328 Philip VI w

16、as the first king of the House of Valois,his succession caused theHundred Years War,this family ruled until 1589.After French war of religion 1562-1598,Henry IV became the first king from the House ofBourbon,Henrys grandson Louis XIV the Sun King ruled for 72 years from 1643 to 1715 and he consolida

17、ted absolute monarchy and Francebecame the leading European power.8.In 1715 Louis XV succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five until his death in 1774.After the death of his chief ministerCardinal Fleury in 1726,the young king took sole control of the kingdom.His reign of almost 5

18、9 years was the second longest in the history ofFrance,exceeded only by Louis XIV.During his reign France lost the Seven Years War,ceded New France in North America to Great Britain.He annexed the territories of the Duchy of Lorraine and the Corsican Republic into the Kingdom of France.Louis XV left

19、 a huge debt to hisgrandson Louis XVI,the next king.Louis XVI was 20 years old when he became the king.He was the last King before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.Hewas called Citizen Louis Capet during the four months before he was guillotined in 1793.From 1776,Louis XVI activ

20、ely supported the Americanindependence war against Great Britain.He already had a huge debt left by Louis XV,supporting the Americans made the financial crisis worse.9.General Marquis de Lafayette was sent to fight in the American Revolutionary War,after returning to France he became a key figure in

21、 theFrench Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830.This painting showed Lafayette and Washington at Valley Forge.On the right isLafayette.10.The French Revolution from 1789 to 1799 is one of the greatest revolutions in the human history.It happened 6 years later of the victory ofthe Ameri

22、can Revolution in 1783.Thomas Jefferson proclaimed France had been awakened by our Revolution.Inspired by Enlightenment ideals,the Revolution overthrew the monarchy,established a republic,and also experienced violent periods of politicalturmoil.The greatest contribution of the revolution to the whol

23、e world is the spirit of liberty,equality,fraternity which became the national motto ofFrance.Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the French Revolution as their inspiration and predecessor.The Revolutionprofoundly altered the course of modern history,triggering the global declin

24、e of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics anddemocracies.11.The Estates General of 1789.To solve the crisis,King Louis XVI summoned,a general assembly representing the three French estates atVersailles in May 1789.The First Estate was the clergy,the second was the nobility,and the

25、 third was commoners.Estate is social class.Beforethe Estates General,the people drew up their grievance list,If only the king knew became a slogan.They believe Our king,the best of kings andfather of a great and wise family will soon know everything.All vice will be destroyed.The Third Estate inclu

26、des bourgeoisie,the peasants,andworkers.Bourgeoisie was the middle class between the lower and upper classes.This carton depicts the plight of the French peasants.The oldman carrying a clergy and a nobleman,birds and rabbits are eating his crops.12.The Estates General of 1789 This is the painting of

27、 the Estates General of 1789.13.The Tennis Court Oath.On June 17,joined by some sympathetic clergy the Third Estate founded the National Assembly.On 20 June theirmeeting room had been locked so they went to an indoor tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath:vowing not to separate,and to reassembl

28、ewherever circumstances require,until the constitution of the kingdom is established.The revolution had begun.Storming of the Bastille2Louis XVI refused to accept National Assembly.He summoned troops to Versailles and began concentrating soldiers in Paris.On 14 July 1789citizens of Paris stormed the

29、 Bastille,a fortress used as armory and political prison.This event marked the outbreak of the Revolution.Today theBastille Day is the national day of France.14.National Guard.The next day after the Storming of the Bastille,Lafayette organized and became the commander-in-chief of the NationalGuard.H

30、e Designed the Tricolor flag,red and blue of the city of Paris with the royal white of the Bourbons.The Tricolor still remained as thenational flag of France.15.Womens March on Versailles.On 5 Oct.6,000 Parisian women marched to Versailles.Armed with pikes,they killed several royalguards,cut their h

31、eads and put them on pikes,they forced the royal family return to Paris to deal with the problem of bread supply,high prices andstarvation.Now the king became captive to the revolution.16.The declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:On Aug 26,National Constituent Assembly announced the declarati

32、on of the Rights ofMan and Citizen.It was drafted by the Abb Sieys and Lafayette,in consultation with Thomas Jefferson.It proclaimed:Men are born and remainfree and equal in rights.Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others，Property being an inviolable and sacred right.ThisDeclara

33、tion,together with Magna Carta,the English Bill of Rights,the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Bill ofRights,inspired in large part of the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.The First Republic was founded in 1792;it lasted until the declaration o

34、f the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon.Louis XVI wasexecuted for treason in 1793.17.Robespierre and Reign of Terror.Robespierre was the most influential figures in the French Revolution;he campaigned for universal malesuffrage in France,price controls on basic food commodities and the abol

35、ition of slavery in the French colonies.He was a member of the powerfulCommittee of Public Safety.He belongs to the Jacobins,the most influential political club and the most radical group during the French Revolution.Their rival Girondins was the more moderate faction.The Reign of Terror is a period

36、 after the First French Republic was established in 1792 to the execution of Robespierre in July 1794.Letsmake terror the order of the day!became a slogan.In Lyon officials tied prisoners to stakes and fired them with cannons.Between June 1793and the end of July 1794,there were 16,594 official death

37、 sentences in France,of which 2,639 were in Paris.18.Guillotine became the symbol of the revolution justice.19.The Thermidorian Reaction.Thermidor was the eleventh month of the Revolutionary calendar,the month of heat.On 27 July 1794,Robespierre was denounced by members of the National Convention as

38、 a tyrant,Robespierre and twenty-one associates were arrested andbeheaded on the following day.This is the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre.The Directory.From 1795 a new government,the Directory appeared to govern France,it was a five-member committee.The Directorycontinued to be dogged by wars with f

39、oreign invaders included Britain,Austria,Prussia,the Kingdom of Naples,Russia and the Ottoman Empire.In 1799,after several defeats,the Directory had lost the support of all the political factions.Napoleon lunched a coup dtat（政变）onNovember 89,1799,abolished the Directory and replaced it with the French Consulate led by himself.This event marked the end of the FrenchRevolution.20.Key words:Lets look at the key words.Liberty Leading the People,La Marseillaise,The national motto of France,The Estates General of1789,The declaration of the rights of Man and Citizen,Robespierre3