旅游管理专业英语试题综合模拟试卷带答案期末考试卷模拟试题期末考试题测试题自测卷2.doc

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1、考 试 试 卷教师填写课程学年第2学期 旅游英语 试题 授课教师考试时间 年 月 日 姓 名：课程类别必修 选修考试方式开卷 闭卷试卷类别(A、B、) B 共13页考生填写 学院 专业 级姓名 学号 试题号一二三四五六七八九十总 分成 绩Part I Reading Comprehension (10 points)Directions: Reading the following passage and choose the correct answersIn the past, and still a prevailing attitude in a few places, tourism

2、 planning was seen as a simplistic process of encouraging new hotels to open, making sure that there was transportation access to the area, and organizing a tourist promotion campaign. The only systematic planning that might be done was to select a suitable hotel or resort site and apply site planni

3、ng, landscaping, and engineering development standards to the development. This approach was often successful for development of individual hotels or small resorts in the era before mass tourism. However, during the post-World War II period, tourism developed rapidly, and several areas, especially i

4、n the Mediterranean region as well as in the early tourism areas of the Caribbean and some other places, encouraged mass tourism without planning it. These places have since paid the social and environmental consequences of unplanned tourism development. Some of those unplanned tourism places now ha

5、ve to take remedial actions to upgrade their environments and development patterns.Tourism is developed for various reasons. A main purpose is to generate economic benefits of foreign exchange earnings (for international tourism), income, employment, and government revenues, to serve as a catalyst f

6、or development of other economic sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and manufacturing, and to help pay for and justify infrastructure that also serves general community and economic needs. Tourism can also justify applying measures for environmental and cultural heritage conservation

7、for which resources otherwise might not be available. Socially, tourism in its best form provides recreational, cultural, and commercial facilities and services for use both by tourists and also by residents that may not have been developed without tourism. It provides the opportunity for education

8、of people about other cultures and environments as well as their own national heritage, often circumventing ideological and political differences and reducing prejudicial attitudes, that is, achieving cross-cultural exchange.However, tourism can also generate various problems such as the loss of pot

9、ential economic benefits and local economic distortions, environmental degradation, the loss of cultural identity and integrity, and cross-cultural misunderstandings, reinforcing existing prejudices. In order to optimize the benefits of tourism and prevent or at least mitigate any problems that migh

10、t be generated, good planning and careful management of tourism are essential. More generally, planning for tourism is as important as is planning for any type of development in order for it to be successful and not creating problems. The tourism sector objectives can be achieved more effectively if

11、 carefully planned and integrated into the country's total development plan and program.Specifically, since tourism planning is necessary for the following reasons. Firstly, modern tourism is still a relatively new type of activity in many areas, and some governments and the private sector have

12、little or no experience in how to properly develop it, a tourism plan and development program can provide guidelines in those areas for developing this sector. Secondly, tourism is a complicated, multi-sectoral, and fragmented activity, involving other sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and manu

13、facturing, historic sites, parks, recreation features, various community facilities and services, and transportation and other infrastructure. Planning and project development coordination are particularly necessary to ensure that all these elements are developed in an integrated manner to serve tou

14、rism as well as general needs. Thirdly, Tourism can generate various sociocultural benefits and problems. Planning can be used as a process for optimizing the benefits and preventing or lessening the problems, and especially for determining what is the best tourism development policy to preclude soc

15、iocultural problems and to utilize tourism as a means to achieve cultural conservation objectives. Fourthly, the development of tourist attractions, facilities, and infrastructure and tourist movements generally have positive and negative impacts on the physical environment. Careful planning is requ

16、ired to determine the optimum type and level of tourism that will not result in environmental degradation and to utilize tourism as a means to achieve environmental conservation objectives. Fifthly, like any type of modern development, forms of tourism change somewhat through time, based on changing

17、 market trends and other circumstances. Planning can be used to upgrade and revitalize existing outmoded or badly developed tourism areas, and, through the planning process, new tourism areas can be planned to allow for future flexibility of development. Sixthly, achieving controlled tourism develop

18、ment requires special organizational structures, marketing strategies and promotion programs, legislation and regulations, and fiscal measures that through the comprehensive and integrated planning process can be related closely to tourism policy and development.Experience has shown that communities

19、, regions, and countries do benefit substantially from the proper planning of tourism and will do so more in the future. In an increasingly competitive tourism world that is also concerned about maintaining the resources for tourism, the places with the best planned tourism development are likely to

20、 be the most successful tourist destinations from the standpoints of both achieving high tourist satisfaction levels and bringing substantial benefits, with minimal disruptions to the local economy, environment, and society.Effective tourism planning utilizes the general planning concepts that have

21、proven to be effective in meeting the challenges facing modern development processes, but adapted to the particular characteristics of tourism. The basic tourism planning approach is aimed at practical application in the formulation of tourism development policies and plans. The basic planning proce

22、ss provides the general planning framework, and emphasis is placed on the concepts of planning being continuous and incremental, systems-oriented, comprehensive, integrated, and environmental, with the focus on achieving sustainable development and community involvement. Although still based on an a

23、dopted policy and plan, tourism planning is seen as a continuous process with adjustments made as needed on the basis of monitoring and feedback, but within the framework of maintaining the basic objectives and policies of tourism development. Tourism is viewed as an interrelated system and should b

24、e planned as such, utilizing systems analysis techniques. Related to the systems approach, all aspects of tourism development including its institutional element and environmental and socioeconomic implications are analyzed and planned comprehensively, that is, a holistic approach. Related to the sy

25、stems and comprehensive approach, tourism is planned and developed as an integrated system within itself and also is integrated into the overall plan and total development patterns of the area. Tourism should be planned, developed, and managed in such a manner that its natural and cultural resources

26、 are not depleted or degraded, but maintained as viable resources on a permanent basis for continuous future use. Carrying capacity analysis is an important technique used in the environmental and sustainable development approach. There is maximum involvement of the local community in the planning a

27、nd decision-making process of tourism and, to the extent feasible and desirable, there is maximum community participation in the actual development and management of tourism and its socioeconomic benefits. The tourism development policy, plan, and recommendations are formulated to be realistic and i

28、mplementable, and the techniques of implementation are considered throughout the policy and plan formulation with the implementation techniques, including a development and action program or strategy, specifically identified and adopted. The systematic planning process is applied in tourism planning

29、 based on a logical sequence of activities. This approach is applied conceptually to all levels and types of tourism planning, but the specific form of application will, of course, vary depending on the type of planning being undertaken. Even though a systematic approach is used, it must also be rem

30、embered that planning is both an art and a science, and a sense of imagination and creativity must be applied in tourism planning at all levels. Such creativity need not abrogate nor be contrary to the systematic approach and can in fact complement it to produce more successful tourism development.S

31、ome special considerations should be noticed in planning tourism. Although there is much emphasis today placed on matching the tourist products and markets, this should be done within the framework of maintaining sustainable development and not generating serious environmental or sociocultural probl

32、ems. A completely market-led approach to tourism development that provides whatever attractions, facilities, and services the tourist market may demand could result in environmental degradation and loss of sociocultural integrity of the tourism area, even though it brings short-term economic benefit

33、s. To prevent this situation from arising, some places have adopted a product-led approach, which implies that only those types of attractions, facilities, and services that the area believes can be integrated with minimum impacts into the local development patterns and society are provided, and mar

34、keting is done to attract only those tourists who find this product of interest to them. In many cases, the approach of balancing economic, environmental, and social objectives within the framework of maintaining sustainable development is the most appropriate one, but it depends very much on the ov

35、erall national, regional, and community objectives.Although tourism is expanding rapidly in many places and becoming one of the world's major socioeconomic activities, a particular country, region, or community should be cautious about developing an over-dependence on tourism. For both economic

36、and social reasons, diversification of an economy is usually desirable, although not always possible. Economically, diversification provides a sounder basis for development in that any periodic economic fluctuations in one sector can likely be counterbalanced by strengths in other sectors. Socially,

37、 diversification encourages a greater mix of types of people and activities in an area. Wherever possible, all the potential economic sectors, based on the resources of the area, should be considered for development with tourism integrated into the multi-sectoral economy. It is sometimes too easy fo

38、r an area to rely on tourism, as a growing sector, to the neglect of its other potential. However, for some places that possess limited resources except for tourism, there may be few other options open, and tourism must be given priority to achieve economic objectives. This situation often is the ca

39、se of small island economies with fast-growing populations and, consequently, particular emphasis must be placed on maintaining the viability of the tourism sector.Also, with the rapid growth of tourism, some communities, especially in North America and Europe, that are losing their historical econo

40、mic base and seeking new types of economic development, are viewing tourism as a possible economic salvation. If their resources for tourism are very limited, they may consider rather artificial and tenuously based attractions to develop tourism, and proceed to develop these at substantial expense.

41、Often these can be successful, but not always so, especially because there is increasing competition among communities to attract tourists. Tourism should not be seen categorically as a panacea to solve a community's economic problems. Each place must be carefully evaluated in terms of its touri

42、sm attraction potential, based on both its own resources and the possible domestic and external markets.One of the major tourism planning themes is application of the environmental and sustainable development approach. The close relationship between tourism and the environment and the importance of

43、environmental planning and sustainable tourism development planning are becoming increasingly recognized. The Manila Declaration of the World Tourism Organization, the most comprehensive international statement adopted on the goals of modern tourism, emphasizes the importance of both natural and cul

44、tural resources in tourism and the need for conservation of these resources for the benefit of both tourism and residents of the tourism area. Following on from the Manila Declaration, the Joint Declaration of the World Tourism Organization and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), which formal

45、ized interagency coordination on tourism and the environment, states:The protection, enhancement and improvement of the various components of man's environment are among the fundamental conditions for the harmonious development of tourism. Similarly, rational management of tourism may contribute

46、 to a large extent to protecting and developing the physical environment and the cultural heritage, as well as improving the quality of life.The importance of national and regional tourism planning as a conservation and sustainable development technique was expressed at a TWO and UNEP environmental

47、workshop in 1983 as follows:Regional planning provides probably the best opportunity for achieving environmental protection goals through the use of zoning strategies. Thus zoning strategies and regulations can be used to encourage the concentration in some areas and/or dispersion in other areas of

48、tourist activity so the extreme pressures are restricted to resilient environments and fragile environments can be given the most rigid protection measures. In this manner, nature conservation interests can be accorded their appropriate priority where it is the prime land use designation.Ideally, to

49、urism should be planned as one element of and, at the same time, as the comprehensive planning that is done for an area. Sometimes this can be accomplished. More commonly, however, tourism planning must be done separately, but utmost efforts must be made to ensure that it is planned in such as manner