期中复习同步基础知识梳理英语八年级上册.docx

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1、深圳版牛津版八年级上期中复习同步基础1、depend on  依赖，依靠You depend on computers more than you realize.  你对计算机的依赖比你意识到的还要多。【短语解析】depend on相当于depend upon，其后常接名词或代词。Our plan depends on the weather.  我们的计划取决于天气。Whether to go or not depends on yourself.  去不去由你自己定。2、however  adv. 然而Many dinosaurs ate

2、 plants. However, some dinosaurs liked to eat meat.  很多恐龙吃植物。然而，有一些喜欢吃肉。【拓展例句】（however的位置可以在句首、句中、句末）The reality, however, is probably not cruel.  然而，事实很可能没那么残酷。The story has a happy ending , however.  不过故事的结局还是圆满的。3、be unaware of  没意识到，未察觉You may be unaware of them.  你可能没有察

3、觉到他们。【短语解析】unaware是由前缀un-和单词aware构成的。be aware of意为“意识到，察觉到”。She watched so carefully that she was unaware of his coming.  她看得如此认真，以至于没有意识到他的到来。4、chess  n. 国际象棋Playing chess.  下国际象棋The people are learning to play chess.  人们正在学习下国际象棋。【拓展】play后接球类、棋类名词时，这类名词前不用冠词。play basketball/vol

4、leyballplay后接表示乐器的名词时，这类名词前加定冠词the。play the piano/violin5、develop  v. 开发；研制Thomas Edison developed the first practical light bulb in 1879.  托马斯·爱迪生在1879年研制了第一个有用的电灯泡。【拓展】developed  发达的developing  发展中的Canada is a developed country.  加拿大是一个发达国家。China is a developing count

5、ry.  中国是个发展中国家。6、check  v. 检查；核实Check some Maths problems.  核对一些数学题。Our teachers check our homework every day.  我们的老师每天都检查我们的作业。【拓展】check的相关短语check in 登记； check out 办清手续后离开； check up 检验7、intelligence  n.才智；智慧ability  n.才能，能力From an early age, he showed great intell

6、igence and artistic ability.  从很小的时候，他就显示出很高的智商以及艺术才能。【拓展】intelligence  n.才智；智慧    intelligent  adj.有才智的art  n.艺术 ->artistic  adj.有艺术天赋的    artist  n.艺术家(be) able (to do): to have the skill, strength, knowledge etc needed to do something

7、  有能力做某事ability  n.才能，能力have the ability to do sth.有能力做某事8、inventor  n.发明家musician  n.音乐家scientist  n.科学家Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian painter, inventor, musician, engineer and scientist.  列奥纳多·达·芬奇是一位意大利的画家、发明家、音乐家、工程师以及科学家。【单词解析】paint  v. 画，涂画 ->

8、painter  n.画家invent  v.发明 ->inventor  n.发明家    invention  n.发明engine  n.引擎 ->engineer  n.工程师science  n.科学 ->scientist  n.科学家【拓展-构词法】表示职业的名词后缀：-er    worker, teacher, singer-or    doctor, actor, editor-ian&#

9、160;   mathematician（数学家）, librarian（图书管理员）-ist    artist, dentist9、instead  adv. 代替，顶替Wouldnt you like gold or silver instead?  难道你不想要金子或银子来代替吗？【单词解析】instead是个副词，一般用于句首或句尾，和祈使句连用时只能放在句尾。It will take days to drive a car, so lets fly instead.  开车会花好几天时间，所以我们还是改

10、乘飞机吧。【辨析】instead与instead ofinstead: 副词，“代替；顶替”，常位于句首或句尾。instead of: 介词短语，“代替，而不是”，常位于句首或句中，后接名词、代词宾格、介词短语或动词-ing形式。She didnt answer me. Instead, she asked me another question.Instead of lending a hand, he laughed at us.  他不但不帮我们，反而嘲笑我们。10、speed  n. 速度They can calculate at a faster speed th

11、an we can and almost never give wrong answers.  它们的计算速度比我们快，而且几乎从来不会出错。【拓展】speed的常用短语：at a/the speed of. “以的速度”；at full speed of  “全速地”；with great speed  “快速地”。Safety is more important than speed.  安全比速度更重要。Please drive at a speed of sixty miles an hour.  请以每小时60英里的速度驾驶。11、r

12、ealize  v. 认识到；意识到The king quickly realized the problem.  国王很快意识到了问题【单词解析】realize的常见用法如下：realize+n.At last she realized her fault.  最后她意识到了她的错误。realize+that从句I realized that it was time to go to school.  我意识到该去上学了。realize+疑问词+其他I dont think you realize how important this is to he

13、r.  我认为你没有意识到这对她有多重要。12、include  v.包括For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings.  例如，他的笔记本包括有一些有趣的图案。【拓展例句】Does the price include postage?  这个价格包含邮费吗？His job includes looking after under-21 teams.  他的职责包括照料 21 岁以下的队。Their new house has four storeys includin

14、g the attic.   他们的新房子有四层楼，包括阁楼。【拓展】include跟contain的区别：都有“包含”的意思，但contain可用于表示包含所含之物的的全部或部分，而include则只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分。例如：The parcel included a dictionary. 那包裹里也包括了一本字典。The parcel contained a dictionary. 那包裹里装的是一本字典。13、order  n. 订货Listen to a woman making a phone order.  听一位妇女

15、在打电话订货。【拓展】order的不同词性：作名词，除了表示“订货”，还可表示“命令；顺序”。Dog can be trained to obey orders.  狗可以被训练得听从命令。Lets take the problems in a different order.  咱们换一下顺序来处理这些问题吧。作动词，意为“点菜；命令；预定”。She orders one mapo toufu with rice.  她点了一份麻婆豆腐饭。My father ordered me to clean my room every day.  爸爸命令我每天

16、打扫我的房间。Shall I order a taxi for you?  要我给你叫辆出租车吗？14、instructions  n. 指示，命令Learn how to give instructions about numbers.  学习如何给出有关数字的指示。Im under instructions to keep my speech short.  我接到指示，讲话要简短。【拓展】instruction作名词时，还可意为“用法说明；操作指南”。Follow the instructions on the packet carefu

17、lly.  仔细按照包装上的说明操作。15、comfortable  adj. 使人舒服的；舒适的After its invention, travelling became faster and more comfortable.  在车轮发明之后，旅行变得更加迅速，更加舒适。【单词解析】comfortable是形容词，其比较级和最高级分别为：more comfortable和most comfortable。I feel more comfortable after I open the window.  打开窗户之后，我感到更加舒服了。【拓展】co

18、mfortably  adv. 舒适地    uncomfortable  adj. 使人不舒服的。16、invent  v. 发明practical  adj. 有用的，适用的Alexander Graham Bell invented one of the first practical telephone in 1876.  亚历山大·格雷姆·贝尔在1876年发明了第一批有用的电话之一。【单词解析】invent是及物动词，其名词形式为invention。Telephone was inve

19、nted in 1876.  电话发明于1876年。practical是形容词，它是由名词practice去”-e”加形容词后缀-al构成的。Thats a practical dictionary.  那是一本有用的字典。【拓展】”one of + 限定词+复数名词”意为“之一”，当其做主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。One of the girls is my sister.  这群女孩中有一个是我妹妹。17、win  v. （在比赛中）获胜，赢Jane Dickinson won Magic TV Quiz.  简迪金森获得了“魔幻电视问答

20、大赛”的冠军。【拓展】win的过去式为wonwinner  n.冠军    runner-up/a second place  n.亚军    a third place  n.季军18、Some words have both a strong form and a weak form.   有些单词有重读和弱读两种形式。both.and.意为“和都，不但而且”，用于连接并列的句子成分。若bot.and.连接主语，其谓语动词需用复数形式。Both his father and his

21、 uncle are very tall.19、However, they could only count small numbers in this way.  然而，用这种方法他们只能数较小的数字。in this way “用这种方式/方法”，通常用来表示做某事的方式。You should do the job in this way.【拓展】way的相关短语：in the way  挡道on the way  在路上by the way  顺便说一下on ones way to  在某人去的路上20、Some dinosaurs wer

22、e as small as chickens. Others were as big as ten elephants.  一些恐龙像鸡一样大，其他一些有十只大象那么大。some.others.  一些其他的【拓展】another, other, the other, the others, others的区别：another表示不定数目中的“另一个，类似的一个”；other表示“另一个，其他的”；the other表示“两个中的另一个人或物”；the others表示“其余的人或物”；others泛指“其他的人（物）”时，不加定冠词the。例如：I dont l

23、ike this one. Can you show me another (one) ?I dont like these. Can you show me any others?The little boy had a book in one hand, and a ball in the other.These glasses got broken but some of the others are all right.Be good to others.as.as.  表示”和一样“Get Carl to lift it - he's as strong as an

24、 ox (= very strong).   让卡尔来提起它吧-他像牛一样壮。类似的意思也可以用：the same (.) as.Training isn't the same thing as education.   训练与教育并不一样。21、With light bulbs, people can do as many things in the evenings as they can in the daytime.  有了电灯泡，人们在晚上可以做和白天一样多的事情。with介词，意为“有，带有”，反义词为w

25、ithout。With your help, we finished the work in an hour.as many + 名词（复数）+ as，表示“和一样多的”。Tom has as many pencils as his deskmate.  汤姆有和他的同桌一样多的铅笔。in the daytime表示“在白天”，其反义词组为at night，意为“在晚上”。Owls sleep in the daytime and go to look for the food at night.  猫头鹰在白天睡觉，在晚上去寻找食物。22、Without the whee

26、l, we would not have these inventions.  没有车轮，我们就不会有这些发明。without是介词，意为“没有”。此处的句型为：Without., we would not do. 表示“没有我们就不能”。Without your help, we would not open the box.  没有你的帮助，我们就不能打开这个盒子。23、Some与any的用法：  1. some 与any 接可数名词和不可数名词；  2. some通常用于肯定句，any通常用于否定句与一般疑问句；特殊情况- 当希望对方回答”yes”

27、时，通常在表示请求或建议的疑问句中，这种情况要用some。如：would you like some .?    Can / Could you give me some.?    May I have some .?    What / How about some.?    Why dont you / Why not have some.?any也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任意一个”。例如：I have many books. You can borrow any one

28、. 复合不定代词的用法：复合不定代词是由some, any, every, no分别与one, thing, body组合而成的。1. somebody, anybody, nobody等不定代词是单数形式的词。2. 与形容词搭配：   anything/ something +adj. 例如：There is something wrong with my computer.我的电脑出故障了。3. 与动词不定式搭配   something to do 例如：He is very free today. He has not

29、hing to do.4. not any =nothing/ nobody There is not any water in the cup. = There is nothing in the cup. There are not any students in the classroom. = There are nobody in the classroom.24、形容词比较级及最高级一、例句In the 1940s, the first computers were bigger than cars.New computers are becoming smal

30、ler and better.The red laptop is the smallest among the three.二、变化规则：1、形容词比较级及最高级的变化规则：2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化（请自行填空）：三、形容词（副词）比较等级三种用法一)、原级的用法1.只能修饰原级的词有very, quite, so, too等。例如：He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。2. 原级常用的句型结构 a

31、s +adj/adv +as   eg. Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。 倍数+as +adj/adv +as  Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。Tom runs twice as fast as Mike. 汤姆跑得速度是迈克的二倍。 be+not+as/so+adv/adv (原级）+asThis room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。He doesnt walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样

32、慢。 二)、比较级的用法1. 比较级标志的词：than注意：修饰形容词或副词的比较级，表程度的词有：much, a lot, far, a little, a bit , even甚至, still仍然。例如,：Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. 第一课比第二课容易得多。Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。2. 比较级常用的句型结构比较级表达法：“甲+be+adj.比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙” Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。甲

33、+be+倍数+比较级+than+乙    “甲比乙几倍”This room is three times bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个大三倍。"the +比较级，the+比较级”  越.就越.:The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes youll make双重比较级： “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。He is getting taller and taller. 他变得越来越高了。The flowers are more and more beautifu

34、l. 花儿越来越漂亮。比较级+than+the other +n.(复）=比较级+than +any other +n.(单）The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 三) 、最高级的用法1. 最高级标志词：in, of, among.Tom is the tallest in his class. /of all the students.2. 用在选择疑问句中。如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词或副词要用比较形式；如果有三者或三都以上供选择，则要用最高级。Which is bigger, the earth or the moon？Which season do you like (the) best, spring, summer or autumn？