波动光学 (2)优秀PPT.ppt

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1、波动光学你现在浏览的是第一页,共100页2你现在浏览的是第二页,共100页312-1 Light Source and the Coherence of Light12-2 Optical Distance and Optical Path Difference12-4 Michelsons Interferometer12-3 Film Interference12-5 Diffraction of Light,Huygens-Fresnels Principle12-6 Single-Slit Fraunhofer Diffraction 12-7 Diffraction Grating1

2、2-8 Polarized Light 12-9 Polarization by Reflection or Refraction Introduction你现在浏览的是第三页,共100页412-1 Optics Source and the Coherence of Light 1.electromagnetic wave and light:(1)The source of electromagnetic wave:All vibrating charges(振动电荷振动电荷)or vibrating charge systems is the source that emit(发射发射发

3、射发射)electromagnetic waves.electromagnetic waves is vector wave(矢量波矢量波)of electric field intensity(电场强度电场强度电场强度电场强度)and magnetic field intensity(磁场强度磁场强度).(2)The essence(本质本质)of electromagnetic wave:你现在浏览的是第四页,共100页5(3)Characteristics of electromagnetic wave:在任意给定点上,在任意给定点上,和和 同时存在,具有相同的相位和同时存在,具有相同的

4、相位和速度。速度。电磁波是横波电磁波是横波:和和 互相垂直,且与传播方向垂直,互相垂直,且与传播方向垂直,、三者满足右螺旋法则。三者满足右螺旋法则。对空间任一点,有对空间任一点,有 电磁波的传播速度取决于介质的介电常数电磁波的传播速度取决于介质的介电常数 和磁导率和磁导率,且,且满足:满足:你现在浏览的是第五页,共100页6(4)Visible light and electromagnetic wave:Light is a kind of electromagnetic wave,which has a velocity of c=3108m/s.Visible light(可见光可见光)

5、can cause the sense of sight(视觉视觉),which is due to the electric field vector and is called light vector.The wavelength of visible light is 400760nm,whose color corresponding different wavelength(frequency):redorange yellowgreencyanbluepurplewavelength turns shorterwavelength turns shorterfrequency t

6、urns higherfrequency turns higher你现在浏览的是第六页,共100页72.light sourceL=tc波列(1)Shiny objects is called light source.(2)Common mechanism of luminescence(发光发光).Luminescence of light source is due to molecules or atoms transit from the high energy level to low energy level,when the corresponding energy is re

7、leased simultaneously.12-1 Optics Source and the Coherence of Light 能级跃迁辐射=E2-E1/h你现在浏览的是第七页,共100页8(3)Properties:光源中原子的激发和辐射是独立的、随机的,间歇性的,因此,光源中原子的激发和辐射是独立的、随机的,间歇性的,因此,同一时刻不同原子发的光其频率、振动方向相位差各不相同。同一时刻不同原子发的光其频率、振动方向相位差各不相同。每个原子每次发射的电磁波为每个原子每次发射的电磁波为一段有限波长、振动方向和频率均一一段有限波长、振动方向和频率均一定的正弦波列。定的正弦波列。Quest

8、ion:多盏日光灯发多盏日光灯发出的光不会发生干扰出的光不会发生干扰.你现在浏览的是第八页,共100页93.Interference of Light The critical quantity in optical vibration is the electric vector E,not the magnetic vector H.Vector E is called light vector.For simplicity,we assume that two light vectors vibrating in the same directions,and have the same

9、 angular frequency,so the superposition is:12-1 Optics Source and the Coherence of Light 你现在浏览的是第九页,共100页10Where:Average light intensity:你现在浏览的是第十页,共100页11where E0 is determined by,while is given by Generally 02-01 varies with t,so the integration will be 0.incoherent superposition(非相干叠加非相干叠加)=0Only

10、 when 02-01 does not vary with t,the total intensity coherent superposition (相干叠加相干叠加相干叠加相干叠加)你现在浏览的是第十一页,共100页12Three conditions that coherent lights must be met areVibrating in the same directionVibrating in the same direction(振动方向相同振动方向相同)have the same frequency the same frequency(频率相同频率相同)have t

11、he invariable the invariable phase difference difference(相差恒定相差恒定)Results of interferencestable interference pattern(稳定的干涉花样稳定的干涉花样)about the light intensityConstructive 干涉相长干涉相长Destructive 干涉相消干涉相消你现在浏览的是第十二页,共100页134.Obtain of Coherent LightThe lack of lights from common sources is due to the fact

12、 that the emitting atoms in such sources act independently rather than cooperatively.So these lights have not the same frequency,vibration direction and phase difference,and they are not coherent light.How to obtain Coherent Light?12-1 Optics Source and the Coherence of Light 你现在浏览的是第十三页,共100页14Way

13、1:Two beams interference by division of wavefront(从光波发出的同一波列的波面上取出两个次波源,即分波阵面法)4.Obtain of Coherent LightWay 2:Two beams interference by division of amplitude(或把同一波列的波分为两束,即分振幅法)Youngs Interference(杨氏干涉杨氏干涉)Film Interference(薄膜干涉薄膜干涉)你现在浏览的是第十四页,共100页151 Youngs Double-Slits Experiment 杨氏双缝实验杨氏双缝实验Ex

14、perimental deviceinterference pattern你现在浏览的是第十五页,共100页161 Youngs Double-Slits Experiment 杨氏双缝实验杨氏双缝实验你现在浏览的是第十六页,共100页17Pr1 r2 xx0 xI xxDdOSS1S2Wave path difference:1 Youngs Double-Slits Experiment 杨氏双缝实验杨氏双缝实验你现在浏览的是第十七页,共100页18Discussions:(1)When=k,I=Imaxk=0:central bright fringe;k=1:first-order b

15、right fringes;k=2:second-order bright fringes;光强达最大,形成明条纹。光强达最大,形成明条纹。-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3bright fringe你现在浏览的是第十八页,共100页19(2)When =(2k-1)/2,I=Imin k=1:first-order dark fringes;k=2:second-order dark fringes;Discussions:干涉相消,形成暗纹。干涉相消,形成暗纹。-3 -2 -1 1 2 3dark fringe你现在浏览的是第十九页,共100页20Features:(1)The centra

16、l distance between two adjacent bright(or dark)fringes is:(2)Since is very small,only if D is large enough and d is small enough,can the fringes be easily distinguishable.由由于于极极小小,故故只只有有D足足够够大大,d足足够够小小,干干涉涉条条纹纹x才才可能大到可以分辨可能大到可以分辨。你现在浏览的是第二十页,共100页21(3)If two beams(1,2)pass the slits at the same time

17、Two kinds of interference pattern如用白光,会出现彩虹。如用白光,会出现彩虹。干涉条纹从内到外,颜色由干涉条纹从内到外,颜色由紫到红。紫到红。中央明条纹重叠;中央明条纹重叠;波长短的靠近中央;波长短的靠近中央;其它级次可能会重叠:其它级次可能会重叠:Features:-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3你现在浏览的是第二十一页,共100页22Discussion:Changes of the fringes in the following cases杨氏实验在下列情况下条纹的变化杨氏实验在下列情况下条纹的变化(1)使屏离双缝的间距使屏离双缝的间距D;(2)使光源波

18、长使光源波长;(3)两缝的间距两缝的间距d;(4)红色滤光片遮住一缝,蓝色红色滤光片遮住一缝,蓝色滤光片遮住另滤光片遮住另 一缝。一缝。你现在浏览的是第二十二页,共100页232、Lloyds mirror experiment你现在浏览的是第二十三页,共100页24SSPO暗暗 按按杨杨氏氏双双缝缝实实验验,显显然然O点点应应是是中中央央明明纹纹,但事实上是暗纹。但事实上是暗纹。why?Conclusion:从光疏介质到光密介质界在上反射时,反射光:从光疏介质到光密介质界在上反射时,反射光有位相有位相的突变,这种现象称半波损失的突变,这种现象称半波损失(half-wave loss)。说明:

19、光在平面镜表面时有半波损失说明:光在平面镜表面时有半波损失(half-wave loss)。2、Lloyds mirror experiment你现在浏览的是第二十四页,共100页2512-2 Optical Path and Optical Path Difference1Optical Path由于光在不同介质中的速度是不同的,在折射率为由于光在不同介质中的速度是不同的,在折射率为n的介质中,的介质中,光速光速u=c/n。因此,在相同时间内,光波在不同介质中传播的路程是。因此,在相同时间内,光波在不同介质中传播的路程是不同的。不同的。Light speed is depend on the

20、 medium,when the refractive index(折射折射率率)of medium is n,the light speed in this medium can be given by u=c/n.The path of light in different mediums is not the same.你现在浏览的是第二十五页,共100页26During the time t,if the path of the light in the medium is r,the path of the light in air in the same time should b

21、e 1Optical PathThe product nrnr is called optical path.12-2 Optical Path and Optical Path Difference你现在浏览的是第二十六页,共100页27Conclusion:1.In the same time,a path r in the medium a path nr in vacuum.2.When the light pass in different mediums,the frequency keeps unchanged,so the phase change is the same.An

22、 equivalent optical path lead to a same phase change.3.When light travel in different mediums,the optical path can be written 你现在浏览的是第二十七页,共100页282.Optical Path DifferenceThe phase difference of two coherent light:POptical Path Difference你现在浏览的是第二十八页,共100页29suppose:Optical Path Difference:The relati

23、onship between the phase change and the optical path should be 2.Optical Path Difference你现在浏览的是第二十九页,共100页303.Property of Thin Lensaplanatism(等光程等光程)Parallel lightIn-phasebright point主光轴主光轴 focusTheory and experiment show:A lens doest cause any additional optical path difference or phase shift.12-2

24、Optical Path and Optical Path Difference你现在浏览的是第三十页,共100页31Parallel light In-phaseBright pointMain optical axisFocusfocal planeDoest cause any additional optical path difference!Then?3.Property of Thin Lensaplanatism12-2 Optical Path and Optical Path Difference你现在浏览的是第三十一页,共100页3212-3 Film Interfere

25、nce1.Equal-inclination interference,isoclinal interference(等倾干涉等倾干涉)S SS S你现在浏览的是第三十二页,共100页33你现在浏览的是第三十三页,共100页34 A ray of monochromatic light is incident on a thin transparent(透明透明的的)film at a small angle i.Some light is reflected(反射反射)at A and some is refracted(折射折射)toward B.The refracted light i

26、s then reflected at B,and refracted at C,then emerging from the film CE paralleled to AE,The optical path difference is:ABEECDe1.Equal-inclination interference,isoclinal interference(等倾干涉等倾干涉)你现在浏览的是第三十四页,共100页35ABEECDe1.Equal-inclination interference,isoclinal interference(等倾干涉等倾干涉)你现在浏览的是第三十五页,共10

27、0页36 is only a function of the angle i Equal-inclination interference:i 1.Equal-inclination interference,isoclinal interference(等倾干涉等倾干涉)bright fringedark fringe你现在浏览的是第三十六页,共100页372.Equal-thickness interference(等厚干涉等厚干涉)(1)Wedge Interference(劈尖干涉劈尖干涉)Le、n空气劈尖空气劈尖很小很小你现在浏览的是第三十七页,共100页38棱边棱边Optical

28、path difference:Therefore:劈尖角劈尖角(1)Wedge Interference你现在浏览的是第三十八页,共100页39By all appearances,the same order bright or dark fringe is the position of points for which the film thickness is a constant.The interference is called Equal-thickness Interference(等厚干涉等厚干涉).The distance between two adjacent br

29、ight(or dark)fringes is:sin=e/L2.Equal-thickness interference(等厚干涉等厚干涉)(1)Wedge Interference(劈尖干涉劈尖干涉)e=Lsin=/(2n)L/(2n)你现在浏览的是第三十九页,共100页40characteristics:(1)The bright or dark fringes parallel to the seamed edge.(明明暗条纹与棱边平行暗条纹与棱边平行);(2)Whether the seamed edge is bright or dark,is depend on the hal

30、f-Whether the seamed edge is bright or dark,is depend on the half-wave losswave loss.棱边是明还是暗,应看有无半波损失;棱边是明还是暗,应看有无半波损失;你现在浏览的是第四十页,共100页41(3)The distance between adjacent bright or dark fringes is L:or 越大,条纹越密,越大,条纹越密,越小,条纹越疏。越小,条纹越疏。characteristics:你现在浏览的是第四十一页,共100页422、Newtons ring (牛顿环牛顿环)wedge-s

31、haped你现在浏览的是第四十二页,共100页43Have the half-wave loss?So,Optical path difference:2、Newtons ring (牛顿环牛顿环)你现在浏览的是第四十三页,共100页44i.e.:2、Newtons ring (牛顿环牛顿环)considering你现在浏览的是第四十四页,共100页45Hence:2、Newtons ring (牛顿环牛顿环)你现在浏览的是第四十五页,共100页46Discussions:1、如果没有半波损失,上面的公式如何?、如果没有半波损失,上面的公式如何?2、平凸透镜曲率半径变小?、平凸透镜曲率半径变小

32、?3、当平板玻璃下移,问牛顿环、当平板玻璃下移,问牛顿环是冒出还是缩进?是冒出还是缩进?答:缩进。答:缩进。Why?你现在浏览的是第四十六页,共100页4712-4 Michelsons Interferometer 你现在浏览的是第四十七页,共100页48两相干光束两相干光束 1 和和 2 的干涉图样的的干涉图样的 E 处观察处观察1)M1 和和M2严格平行时,严格平行时,M2移动移动表现为等倾干涉的圆环形条纹,表现为等倾干涉的圆环形条纹,不断从中心冒出或向中心收缩。不断从中心冒出或向中心收缩。2)M1 和和M2不严格平行时,则表现不严格平行时,则表现为等厚干涉条纹,不断移过视场为等厚干涉条

33、纹,不断移过视场中某一标记位置。中某一标记位置。3)平移距离平移距离 d 与条纹移动数与条纹移动数 N 的关的关系满足:系满足:M 122 11 S半透半反膜半透半反膜M2M1G1G2E12-4 Michelsons Interferometer 你现在浏览的是第四十八页,共100页4912-5 Diffraction of Light Huygens-Fresnels Principle一、一、Diffraction of LightWave can bend around obstacles,the phenomena is called the diffraction phenomena

34、 of Wave(波的衍射现象波的衍射现象).你现在浏览的是第四十九页,共100页50 When the width of the slit is not very largely compared to the wavelength,then the light intensity is not uniform and the incident light certainly“flares out”into the geometric shadow of the slit.,show in figure(b).并并且且中中央央光光带带的的旁旁边边还还有有些些明明暗暗相相间间的的条条纹纹或或彩

35、彩色条纹。色条纹。(a)(b)Figure(a).When the slit is very large,a sharp shadow will be cast in the screen.The narrower the slit is,the more the light is flaring out.你现在浏览的是第五十页,共100页51二、二、Huygens-Fresnels Principle(1)惠惠更更斯斯提提出出:波波在在媒媒质质中中传传播播到到的的各各点点可可看看成成次次级级波波源,它们将发射次级波。菲涅耳补充说:源,它们将发射次级波。菲涅耳补充说:次级次级波源波源次级波次级

36、波干涉干涉(3)衍射区域各点的强度由各)衍射区域各点的强度由各子波在该点的相干叠加决定。子波在该点的相干叠加决定。(2)从同一波阵面上各点发出的子从同一波阵面上各点发出的子波为波为相干波相干波,经传播而在空间,经传播而在空间某点相遇时,可以互相叠加而产某点相遇时,可以互相叠加而产生干涉现象;生干涉现象;你现在浏览的是第五十一页,共100页5212-6 Single-Slit Fraunhofer(夫琅和费夫琅和费)diffraction 一、Single-Slit Fraunhofer diffractions sE Eideal:1、Concept:The Fraunhofer diffra

37、ction produced by a single slit.Incidence optics:parallel lightScreen:infinite distance你现在浏览的是第五十二页,共100页53A beam of parallel light is incident from the left of an opaque plate having a narrow vertical slit,a screen is placed at the focus plane of the lens on the right of the slit.你现在浏览的是第五十三页,共100页

38、542 2、菲涅耳半波带、菲涅耳半波带作一组平行于作一组平行于AC的平面,的平面,相邻平面间距为相邻平面间距为/2,这一组,这一组平面称半波带。这样,对于平面称半波带。这样,对于应应P点,狭缝边缘的两条光点,狭缝边缘的两条光线的光程差线的光程差=asin ,所包,所包含的半波带的个数含的半波带的个数:ABaC你现在浏览的是第五十四页,共100页55Discuss k:(1)k可正可负,可为整数,也可能不是整数。可正可负,可为整数,也可能不是整数。(2)k为整数时,相邻波带的间距为为整数时,相邻波带的间距为/2,即位相,即位相相差相差。故:。故:你现在浏览的是第五十五页,共100页56k为偶数时

39、,则两个半波带相消,为偶数时,则两个半波带相消,p为暗点。为暗点。k为为奇奇数数时时,则则两两个个半半波波带带相相消消,结结果果留留下下一一个半波带未被抵消,故个半波带未被抵消,故p为明纹。为明纹。即即 但是但是 k=0时,时,a sin =0,即所有光线都同相,即所有光线都同相,called center bright fringe。你现在浏览的是第五十六页,共100页57(1)中央明纹宽度为相邻两暗纹的间距)中央明纹宽度为相邻两暗纹的间距即即 asin(2)若)若k不为整数,则不为整数,则p点介于明暗之间。点介于明暗之间。(3)用白光作光源,除中央明纹仍为白光外,其)用白光作光源,除中央明

40、纹仍为白光外,其余明纹为从内到呈从紫到红分布。余明纹为从内到呈从紫到红分布。你现在浏览的是第五十七页,共100页58二、二、Diffraction from a Circle你现在浏览的是第五十八页,共100页59中央亮斑中央亮斑(Ariy diskAriy disk)L f圆孔孔径圆孔孔径D衍射屏衍射屏0I/I0sinq爱里斑dl22.1你现在浏览的是第五十九页,共100页60Ariy disk(爱里斑):当一个物点的爱里斑恰好在另一个物点的爱里斑边缘时恰能分辨,is called the minimum resolving angle(最小分辨角).不可分辨刚可分辨你现在浏览的是第六十页,

41、共100页61Example:A slit of width a=2.5m is illuminated by white light.(1)What is the diffraction angle 1 that the first minimum for the red light=6500A falls at?(2)What is the wavelength of the light whose first diffraction maximum falls at 1,thus coinciding with the first minimum for the red light?你现

42、在浏览的是第六十一页,共100页62Solution:(1)At the first minimum,from equation asin=k,k=1,we have:你现在浏览的是第六十二页,共100页63(2)At the first maximum,for the equationasin=(2k+1)/2,where k=1,=1=15o,we haveTherefore:你现在浏览的是第六十三页,共100页64IS1S2dq1qR0你现在浏览的是第六十四页,共100页6512-7 Diffraction Grating(衍射光栅衍射光栅)A diffraction grating a

43、re made by ruling(划划线线)equally spaced parallel grooves on a polished glass plate.The width of a groove is b.(刻痕是b,不透光),the width of a slit is a,d=a+b is called grating constant.你现在浏览的是第六十五页,共100页66你现在浏览的是第六十六页,共100页67二、grating equationPThe optical path difference between rays from adjacent slits is

44、(a+b)sin。The is called diffraction angle.The grating equation is:你现在浏览的是第六十七页,共100页681、主极大条纹满满足足光光栅栅方方程程的的明明条条纹纹称称主主极极大大条条纹纹,也也称称光谱线。光谱线。(1)当当=0时,时,k=0为中央明纹为中央明纹你现在浏览的是第六十八页,共100页69(2)可见条纹的最大级次(3)Since可见光栅常数越小,各级明纹衍射角越大,即各级明纹分得愈开。你现在浏览的是第六十九页,共100页70Example:A white light incident normally on a grati

45、ng.The grating constant(a+b)=2.410-4cm,the focal length f=0.25 m.Find the distances from the 3th order line of violet light and the 2th order line of red light to the center Po on the screen,respectively.你现在浏览的是第七十页,共100页71Solution:你现在浏览的是第七十一页,共100页722、Missing Order(谱线的缺级)以以上上讨讨论论的的是是光光栅栅各各缝缝发发出出的的

46、光光因因干干涉涉在在屏屏上上形形成成主主极极大大。但但是是每每条条缝缝本本身身又又有有衍衍射射现现象象,它它将将对对明明纹纹有有影影响响。考考虑虑其其中中一一条条缝缝,这时应出现衍射条纹。这时应出现衍射条纹。这这样样一一来来,满满足足光光栅栅方方程程的的 角角,本本应应出出现现明明纹纹时时,但但又又由由于于满满足足单单缝缝衍衍射射的的暗暗纹纹条条件件,有有你现在浏览的是第七十二页,共100页73There is no principle maximum on the diffraction screen,or such principle maximum disappars.This phen

47、omenon is called missing order(谱线的缺级谱线的缺级).Missing Order:暗纹暗纹主极大主极大你现在浏览的是第七十三页,共100页743、暗纹条件在光栅衍射中,相邻主极大间存在一些暗条纹,在光栅衍射中,相邻主极大间存在一些暗条纹,也称极小,它是由各缝射出的光聚焦于一点,也称极小,它是由各缝射出的光聚焦于一点,因干涉相消形成的。因干涉相消形成的。相邻两缝的光程差为:相邻两缝的光程差为:对应的位相差为:对应的位相差为:你现在浏览的是第七十四页,共100页75用旋转矢量法,用旋转矢量法,为各缝射出的光矢量的夹角,为各缝射出的光矢量的夹角,若若 则:则:显然,相

48、邻主极大之间有显然,相邻主极大之间有N-1N-1个极小,个极小,有有N-2N-2个次极大。个次极大。m m为不为为不为N N 的整数的整数你现在浏览的是第七十五页,共100页76三、光栅光谱入射光为白光,除入射光为白光,除0 0级外,不同波长的光各级外,不同波长的光各级主极大位置不同,我们把不同波长的同级谱线级主极大位置不同,我们把不同波长的同级谱线集合称光栅光谱。集合称光栅光谱。由于由于 ,同级谱线,同级谱线,越小,越小,角越小,故紫色在内侧,红色在外侧。角越小,故紫色在内侧,红色在外侧。你现在浏览的是第七十六页,共100页77根据根据 N=4,d=a+b=4a,画出的光强分布画出的光强分布

49、你现在浏览的是第七十七页,共100页78四、斜入射时的光栅方程问题:衍射花样将发生什么变化?问题:衍射花样将发生什么变化?规规定定:衍衍射射光光与与入入射射光光在在光光栅栅平平面面法法线线同同侧侧时时,为为正正,反之为负。反之为负。最大级次:最大级次:正入射正入射斜斜入入射射可可看看到到更更高级次的明纹!高级次的明纹!你现在浏览的是第七十八页,共100页79Example:A parallel beam of wavelength=5500A is incident obliquely on a diffraction grating whose constant is d=2.10m and

50、 the of a slit is a=0.7m.The angle of incidence is=30o.How many orders of fringes can be observed?你现在浏览的是第七十九页,共100页80Solution:The+kmax and kmax are integer.We can observe seven order fringes corresponding with k=+5,+4,+2,+1,0,-1,-2.你现在浏览的是第八十页,共100页8112-8 Polarized Light一、Nature Light An unpolarize

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