(32.1)--4.2句法特征-时态语态.pdf

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1、Syntactic FeaturesTense and VoiceContents1.Use of tense2.Use of voice1.Use of tense Simple present tense Simple past tense Present perfect tense Past perfect tense Simple future tense Present progressive tenseSimple present tense Describe something happening nowE.g.:This section summarizes the resul

2、ts of the survey.Simple present tense Describe currently valid and relevant conclusions.The publication can be recent or centuries old.E.g.:Malone(2003)discusses nursing care in the context of nested proximities.E.g.:In her Notes on Nursing(1860),Florence Nightingale includes practices for cleanline

3、ss and observation of the sick.Simple present tense Indicate something that is believed to be always true,including a general truth or fact,a general law or a conclusion supported by research resultsE.g.:These results demonstrate thatSimple present tense Describe an apparatus(because it always works

4、 the same way)E.g.:This thermometer gives an accurate reading in all weather conditions.Simple present tense State research objectivesE.g.:The purpose of this study is to examinenote:past tense is also used Describe something that began and ended in the past,mostly in the methods or results sections

5、 of a research reportE.g.:Participants performed a series of clinically functional movements.Simple past tense Describe previous work on which the current work is basedE.g.:Smiths(2015)study collected data on the drugs effect in the pediatric population that is similar to ours.Simple past tense Desc

6、ribe a fact,law,or finding that is no longer considered valid and relevantE.g.:Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were“the weaker sex,”but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.Simple past tense State research objectivesE.g.:

7、The purpose of this study was to examinenote:present tense is also usedSimple past tense Describe something that began in the past and continues to the presentE.g.:Researchers have demonstrated a close link between smoking and morbidity rates.Present perfect tense Describe an action completed in the

8、 past before a specific past timeE.g.:Nightingale had begun her reforms of nursing practice prior to the Crimean War.Past perfect tense Write outlines,proposals,and descriptions of future work E.g.:The proposed study will examine E.g.:Twenty-seven participants will receive Simple future tense Descri

9、be an action or condition that began at some past time and is continuing nowE.g.:I am collecting data from three sites this month.Present progressive tense Active voice Passive voice1.Use of voiceActive voice As a general principle,use active voice in preference to passive for it is more clear,direc

10、t,concise and accurate.E.g.:Chen performed the experiment in 2006.Passive voice De-emphasize the subject in favour of what has been done When it is inappropriate to mention the actor If the actor is unimportant or unknown To add variety to the writingPassive voice Discuss background that exists as p

11、art of the body of knowledge of the discipline,independent of the current author In methods sections where the action is more important than the actor,passive voice is preferred in describing the materials preparation,the procedure of the experiment,etc.E.g.:Stress reactions were monitored in group de-briefing sessionsThanks!