ASTM A182-21.pdf

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1、Designation: A182/A182M21Endorsed by Manufacturers StandardizationSociety of the Valve and Fittings IndustryUsed in USDOE-NE StandardsStandard Specification forForged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges,Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-TemperatureService1This standard is i

2、ssued under the fixed designation A182/A182M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial

3、change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers forged low alloy and stainlesssteel piping components for use in pressure systems. Includedare flanges, fittings, valves, and simi

4、lar parts to specifieddimensions or to dimensional standards, such as the ASMEspecifications that are referenced in Section 2.1.2 For bars and products machined directly from bar orhollow bar (other than those directly addressed by this speci-fication; see 6.4), refer to Specifications A479/A479M, A

5、739,or A511/A511M for the similar grades available in thosespecifications.1.3 Products made to this specification are limited to amaximum weight of 10 000 lb 4540 kg. For larger productsand products for other applications, refer to SpecificationsA336/A336M and A965/A965M for the similar ferritic and

6、austenitic grades, respectively, available in those specifica-tions.1.4 Several grades of low alloy steels and ferritic,martensitic, austenitic, and ferritic-austenitic stainless steelsare included in this specification. Selection will depend upondesign and service requirements. Several of the ferri

7、tic/austenitic (duplex) grades are also found in SpecificationA1049/A1049M.1.5 Supplementary requirements are provided for use whenadditional testing or inspection is desired. These shall applyonly when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.6 This specification is expressed in both

8、inch-pound unitsand in SI units. However, unless the order specifies theapplicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text

9、,the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.1.8 This international standard was developed in acco

10、r-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 In

11、addition to the referenced documents listed in Speci-fication A961/A961M, the following list of standards apply tothis specification.2.2 ASTM Standards:3A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to IntergranularAttack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsA275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examinat

12、ion ofSteel ForgingsA336/A336M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings forPressure and High-Temperature PartsA388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of SteelForgingsA479/A479M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars andShapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure VesselsA484/A484M Specification

13、 for General Requirements forStainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Application

14、s and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as A182/A182M 20.DOI: 10.1520/A0182_A0182M-21.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see re

15、lated Specifi-cation SA-182 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Sum

16、mary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization establishe

17、d in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 A511/A511M Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Me-chanical Tubing and Hollow BarA739 Specification for

18、 Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought, forElevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts, orBothA763 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to IntergranularAttack in Ferritic Stainless SteelsA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-quirementsA923 Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental In

19、termetallicPhase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless SteelsA961/A961M Specification for Common Requirements forSteel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts forPiping ApplicationsA965/A965M Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic,for Pressure and High Temperature PartsA1049/A1049M Speci

20、fication for Stainless Steel Forgings,Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels andRelated ComponentsA1084 Test Method for Detecting Detrimental Phases inLean Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless SteelsE92 Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hard-ness of Metallic MaterialsE112 Test

21、Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-eral IndustryE340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys2.3 ASME Standards:4B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welding, and Threaded2.4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:4Section IX2.5 AWS Sp

22、ecifications5A5.4/A5.4M Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes forShielded Metal Arc WeldingA5.5/A5.5M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodesfor Shielded Metal Arc WeldingA5.9/A5.9M Specification for Bare Stainless Steel WeldingElectrodes and RodsA5.11/A5.11M Specification for Nickel and

23、 Nickel-AlloyWelding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc WeldingA5.14/A5.14M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-AlloyBare Welding Electrodes and RodsA5.23/A5.23M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-trodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc WeldingA5.28/A5.28M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-trode

24、s for Gas Shielded Arc WeldingA5.29/A5.29M Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux CoredArc Welding3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, refer to Specification A961/A961M.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hardened condition, nfor F 23, th

25、e metallurgicalcondition achieved after normalizing and cooling to roomtemperature but prior to tempering.4. Ordering Information4.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in thepurchase order information necessary to purchase the neededmaterial. In addition to the ordering information guide

26、lines inSpecification A961/A961M, orders should include the follow-ing information:4.1.1 Additional requirements (see 7.2.1, Table 2 footnotes,9.3, and 19.2), and4.1.2 Requirement, if any, that manufacturer shall submitdrawings for approval showing the shape of the rough forgingbefore machining and

27、the exact location of test specimenmaterial (see 9.3.1).5. General Requirements5.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform tothe requirements of Specification A961/A961M, including anysupplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchaseorder. Failure to comply with the general

28、 requirements ofSpecification A961/A961M constitutes nonconformance withthis specification. In case of conflict between the requirementsof this specification and Specification A961/A961M, thisspecification shall prevail.6. Manufacture6.1 The low-alloy ferritic steels shall be made by theopen-hearth,

29、 electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process with theoption of separate degassing and refining processes in eachcase.6.2 The stainless steels shall be melted by one of thefollowing processes: (a) electric-furnace (with the option ofseparate degassing and refining processes); (b) vacuum-furnace; or (c)

30、 one of the former followed by vacuum orelectroslag-consumable remelting. Grade F XM-27Cb may beproduced by electron-beam melting.6.3 A sufficient discard shall be made to secure freedomfrom injurious piping and undue segregation.6.4 The material shall be forged as close as practicable tothe specifi

31、ed shape and size.6.4.1 Flanges of any type, elbows, return bends, tees, andheader tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock.6.4.2 Cylindrically-shaped parts may be machined fromhollow bar or forged or rolled solution-annealed austeniticstainless steel bar without additional hot working.6.4

32、.3 Cylindrically-shaped low alloy, martensitic stainless,ferritic stainless, and ferritic-austenitic stainless steel parts,NPS-4 DN 100 and under, may be machined from hollow baror forged or rolled bar, without additional hot working.6.5 Except as provided for in 6.4, the finished product shallbe a

33、forging as defined in the Terminology section of Specifi-cation A788/A788M.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.5Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,Mi

34、ami, FL 33126, http:/www.aws.org.A182/A182M 212 7. Heat Treatment67.1 After hot working, forgings shall be cooled to a tem-perature below 1000 F 538 C prior to heat treating inaccordance with the requirements of Table 1.7.2 Low Alloy Steels and Ferritic and Martensitic StainlessSteelsThe low alloy s

35、teels and ferritic and martensiticstainless steels shall be heat treated in accordance with therequirements of 7.1 and Table 1. When more than one heattreatment option is listed for a Grade in Table 1, any one of theheat treatments listed shall be performed. The selection of theheat treatment shall

36、be at the manufacturers option, unlessotherwise stated in the purchase order.7.2.1 Liquid QuenchingExcept as permitted in 7.2.2, forF 1, F 2, and F 3, and when agreed to by the purchaser, liquidquenching followed by tempering shall be permitted providedthe temperatures in Table 1 for each grade are

37、used.7.2.1.1 MarkingParts that are liquid quenched and tem-pered shall be marked “QT.”7.2.2 Alternatively, Grade F 1, F 2, and F 12, Classes 1 and2 may be given a heat treatment of 1200 F 650 C minimumafter final hot or cold forming.7.3 Austenitic and Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless SteelsExcept as pe

38、rmitted by 7.5, the austenitic and ferritic-austeniticstainless steels shall be heat treated and liquid-quenched inaccordance with the requirements of 7.1 and Table 1.7.3.1 Alternatively, immediately following hot working,while the temperature of the forging is not less than theminimum solution anne

39、aling temperature specified in Table 1,forgings made from austenitic grades (except grades F 304H, F309H, F 310, F 310H, F 316H, F 321, F 321H, F 347, F 347H,F 348, F 348H, F 45, and F 56) may be individually rapidlyquenched in accordance with the requirements of Table 1.Ferritic-austenitic grades m

40、ay be solution annealed withoutcooling below 1000 F by being re-heated to the solutionannealing temperature required in Table 1, held for a timesufficient to dissolve phases and precipitates which may causea reduction in corrosion or mechanical properties, andquenched in accordance with Table 1.7.3.

41、2 See Supplementary Requirement S8 if a particularheat treatment method is to be employed.7.4 Time of Heat TreatmentHeat treatment of forgingsmay be performed before machining.7.5 Forged or Rolled BarForged or rolled austeniticstainless bar from which cylindrically shaped parts are to bemachined, as

42、 permitted by 6.4, and the parts machined fromsuch bar, without heat treatment after machining, shall befurnished to the annealing and quenching or rapid-coolingrequirementsofSpecificationA484/A484Morthisspecification, with subsequent light cold drawing and straight-ening permitted (see Supplementar

43、y Requirement S3 if anneal-ing must be the final operation).7.6 Hollow BarAustenitic stainless hollow bar fromwhich cylindrically shaped parts are to be machined, aspermitted by 6.4, and the parts machined from such hollow bar,without heat treatment after machining, shall be furnished tothe annealin

44、g and quenching or rapidcooling requirements ofSpecification A511/A511M, or this specification, with subse-quent light cold drawing and straightening permitted (seeSupplementary Requirement S3 if annealing must be the finaloperation).8. Chemical Composition8.1 A chemical heat analysis in accordance

45、with Specifica-tion A961/A961M shall be made and conform to the chemicalcomposition prescribed in Table 2.8.2 Grades to which lead, selenium, or other elements areadded for the purpose of rendering the material free-machiningshall not be used.8.3 Starting material produced to a specification that sp

46、e-cifically requires the addition of any element beyond thoselisted in Table 2 for the applicable grade of material is notpermitted.8.4 Steel grades covered in this specification shall notcontain an unspecified element, other than nitrogen in stainlesssteels, for the ordered grade to the extent that

47、 the steelconforms to the requirements of another grade for which thatelement is a specified element having a required minimumcontent. For this requirement, a grade is defined as an alloydescribed individually and identified by its own UNS designa-tion or Grade designation and identification symbol

48、in Table 2.8.5 Product AnalysisThe purchaser may make a productanalysis on products supplied to this specification in accor-dance with Specification A961/A961M.9. Mechanical Properties9.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as tomechanical properties for the grade ordered as listed in Tab

49、le 3.9.2 Mechanical test specimens shall be obtained from pro-duction forgings, or from separately forged test blanks pre-pared from the stock used to make the finished product. Ineither case, mechanical test specimens shall not be removeduntil after all heat treatment is complete. If repair welding

50、 isrequired, test specimens shall not be removed until afterpost-weld heat treatment is complete, except for ferritic gradeswhen the post-weld heat treatment is conducted at least 50 F30 C below the actual tempering temperature. When testblanks are used, they shall receive approximately the samework