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1、Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected单元语法小专题(Grammar Focus)语法精讲3过去完成时1过去完成时的概念过去完成时表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。2过去完成时的各种句式结构过去完成时是由“助动词had动词的过去分词”构成的，had用于各种人称和数。(1)肯定句：主语had动词的过去分词其他。(2)否定句：主语hadnot动词的过去分词其他。(3)一般疑问句：Had主语动词的过去分词其他？肯定回答：Yes，主语had.否定回答：No，主语hadnt.(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组一
2、般疑问句？3过去完成时的判断依据(1)当句子中出现by，by then，by that time，by the time，by the end of last month等时间状语(从句)，通常用过去完成时。如：By yesterday morning，I had called you four times.到昨天早晨，我给你打了四遍电话了。She had already worked for seven hours by that time.到那时，她已经工作七个小时了。By the time I got there，the train had left.当我到那里的时候，火车已经离开了。(
3、2)主句谓语动词为一般过去时(如told，said，heard，thought，knew等)，其后的宾语从句通常用过去完成时。如：She said(that) she had never made such a silly mistake before.她说她以前从未犯过这样愚蠢的错误。Father told me that he had written a new book.爸爸告诉我他写了一本新书。(3)在状语从句中，在过去不同的时间发生的两个动作，发生在先的用过去完成时，发生在后的用一般过去时。如： When I got to the top of the mountain，the su
4、n had risen。当我们到那的时候，太阳已经升起来了。The meeting had already been on half an hour before we got to the meeting room.在我们到会议室之前，会议已经进行半小时了。【注意】before，after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主句、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主句、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here? 你来到这儿前在哪儿学习？After he closed the door
5、，he left the classroom.他关上门后就离开了教室。(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事情，先发生的动作用过去完成时。如：At that moment，I was replying to the email that had arrived the day before.那时，我正在回复昨天收到的电子邮件。(5)在and或but连接的并列句中，如果前一个并列句为一般过去时，且后一个并列句中的动作发生在前一个并列句中的动作之前，那么后一个并列句要用过去完成时。如：Mike flew home，but his father had already died.迈
6、克乘飞机回到了家，但他的父亲已经去世了。4过去完成时的主要用法(1)过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up，it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。(“雨停”发生在“我醒来”之前)(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book.他告诉我他写了一本新书。(had written 发生在 told 之前)(3)过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间
7、状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.彼得到10岁的时候已经收集了300多张中国邮票。(4)过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：By the end of last year，he had worked in th
8、e factory for twenty years.到去年年底为止，他已经在这个工厂工作了20年了。(已经工作了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能)5过去完成时与一般过去时的区别(1)时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had already left when I arrived.我到达时他们已经走了。(在我“到达”这一过去动作之前，他们就已经“离开”了，因此用had left表示)I saw him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上看见他了。(“看见他”这一动作是在“昨天”这一过去的时间
9、发生的)(2)在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： When I woke up，it had already stopped snowing.我醒来时雪已经停了。(3)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。另外，在 before，after，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： I(had) heard the news before she told
10、me.她告诉我那个消息之前我已经听说了。6过去完成时与现在完成时的区别过去完成时与already，ever，just，never，since时间点，for时间段等连用时，强调事件发生的先后顺序，不涉及现在的情况。现在完成时表示的动作发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，侧重过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果，与现在有关。如：She has worked in Chongqing for over two years.她已经在重庆工作两年多了。(现在仍在那儿工作)She had worked in Chongqing for over two years before she mov
11、ed to Shanghai.她在搬到上海之前已经在重庆工作两年多了。(“搬到上海”是过去，“在重庆工作”是发生在过去的过去)He has never seen such an interesting film before.他以前从未看过这么有趣的电影。(“看”尽管发生在过去，但涉及现在，即现在已经知道或了解了这部电影)He said he had never seen such an interesting film before.他说他以前从没看过这么有趣的电影。(“他说”发生在过去，“看过”是在“说”之前，是过去的过去)【注意】(1)过去完成时的肯定句与“for一段时间”连用时，谓语动
12、词须用延续性动词。如：When we arrived，Mary had been away for almost forty minutes.当我们到时，玛丽离开差不多四十分钟了。(2)过去完成时的被动语态的构成：had been及物动词的过去分词。如：A reporter said lots of trees had been cut down by the end of last year.一位记者说，到去年年末被砍伐的树很多。语法精练.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1By the time I reached home，my mother had_cooked(cook) supper
13、 already.2Catherine had_finished(finish) the letter before her mother came into her bedroom.3The train had_left(leave) when I got to the station.4The little girl had_lain(lie) in bed for almost a month since she fell(fall) sick.5By the end of last year，he had_learned/learnt(learn) 3，000 English word
14、s.6It was the third time that the girl had_invited(invite)him.7I hadnt_found(not find) the dog until last night.8He told his mother that he had_run(run) out of money to buy new clothes.9Tom said that he had_kept(keep) the book for two weeks.10I suddenly remembered that I had_left(leave) the key in m
15、y classroom when I got(get) home yesterday.按要求完成下列句子，每空一词。11The writer wrote fifteen stories last year.(用by the end of last year作状语)The writer had written fifteen stories by the end of last year.12Lisa had already cleaned the bedroom when I called her.(改为否定句) Lisa hadnt cleaned the bedroom yet when
16、I called her. 13The plane had taken off when we got to the airport.(改为一般疑问句) Had the plane taken off when you got to the airport? 14Helen had finished her homework before_I_called her(对画线部分提问) When had Helen finished her homework? 15By the time Jack got home，her mother had cooked_dinner(对画线部分提问) Wha
17、t had her mother done by the time Jack got home? .根据汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。16我返回学校的时候，铃声已经响了。By the time I got back to school，the bell had rung17我到那儿时，比赛已进行了半个小时。The match had been on for half an hour when I got there.18十分钟前她没有完成家庭作业。She didnt finish her homework ten minutes ago.19我们已经看过这部电影了。We have seen the movie.20她已经离开她的家乡很多年了。She has been away from her hometown for many years.
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