改革后四六级段落翻译考纲新增考点“中国传统文化”.pdf

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1、改革后四六级段落翻译考纲新增考点“中国传统文化”必备词句一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that comb

2、ines animalsincluding the fish,snake,horse and ox with cloud,thunder,lightning and other naturalcelestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multiculturalfusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese,the dragon signifies innovation andcohesion.二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常

3、在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northernprovinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes,and the

4、 performance ispowerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival,Lantein Festival,ifpeople hear the sound of drum and gong,no matter how cold the weather is,they willcome to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years,the old people in city ofeast-northern of China organized the tea

5、m of Yangko by themselves,the teamers keeptheir health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关大部分都是在明代修建的。The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that creat

6、ed by human beings!If youcome to China without climbing the Great Wall,its just like going Paris without visiting theEiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say,He who doestnot reach the Great Wall is not a true man.In fact,it began as independent walls fordifferent st

7、ates when it was first built,and did not become the Great Wall until the QinDynasty.However,the wall we see today,starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east toJiayunguan Pass in the west,was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六级资料请加卢秋钱 1119237474四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese peopl

8、es favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend,dumplings were first made by the medicalsaint-Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings:1)makedumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)makedumplings and boil them.With thin

9、 and elastic dough skin,fresh and tender stuffing,delicious taste,and unique shapes,dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.Theres an old saying that claims,“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays,or when treating relatives and friends,Chin

10、ese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese peoplewho show high reverence for family love,having dumplings at the moment the old year isreplaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in thenew year.饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明

11、。饺子的制作是包括：1 擀皮、2 备馅、3 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the“main and collateral channels”theory in TCM,the purpose o

12、facupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood,so as to keep the bodysyin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It featuresin traditional Chinese medicine that“internal diseases are to be treated with externaltherapy”.The main therapy of acupunctur

13、e involves using needles to pierce certainacupoints of the patients body,or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patientsacupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages,acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread allover the

14、world.Nowadays,acupuncture,along with Chinese food,kung fu(otherwiseknown as Chinese martial arts),and traditional Chinese medicine,has been internationallyhailed as one of the“four new national treasures.”针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来到达阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，

15、或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以到达刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu,or Chinese martial arts,carries traditional Chineseculture in abundance.It is atraditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack anddefence in combat and the motions engaged wi

16、th a series of skill and tricks.The core ideaof Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both“the mean and harmony”and“cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one s spirit).Meanwhile,it alsoincludes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history,withmulti-var

17、ious sects and many different boxing styles,and emphasizes coupling hardnesswith softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons namedby the later generations mainly involve the skill

18、s of bare-handed boxing,such as shadowboxing(Taijiquan),form and will boxing(Xingyiquan),eight trigram palm(Baguazhang),and the skills of kung fu weaponry,such as the skill of using swords,spears,two-edgedswords and halberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,prongs and so on.中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载

19、着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simplepictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development,itfinally became a unique

20、character system that embodies phonetic sound,image,idea,andrhyme at the same time.The writing system,which was extremely advanced in ancienttimes,began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells,and these are regarded as theoriginal forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards,Chinese characters went

21、 throughnumerous calligraphic styles:bronze inscriptions,official script,regular script,cursivescript,running script,etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside,which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.Thefive basic strokes of Chin

22、ese characters are“-“(the horizontal stroke)“”(thevertical stroke),“”(the left-falling stroke),“”(the right-falling stroke),and“乙”(the turning stroke).汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺

23、、折。八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopstickswere named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use,but possessmulti-various functions,such as clamping,tu

24、rning over,lifting up,raking,stirring,scooping,poking,tearing,and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinarypeople in ancient China.For example,the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by peopleas a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to

25、 have ababy soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one s own hands,a pair of chopsticks alsoimplies the meaning of“Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised byWesterners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、

26、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official andprivate seal of various dynasties have different titles,such as stamp,zhu note,contract,fu,lease and others.The seals used by the

27、emperors of ancient China were called xi,yin,bao,etc.According to historical records,seals were widely used during the Warring StatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts,such as seal charactersand official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into

28、 theseal,basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay,the Chineseseal is not only used in daily life,but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings andcalligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of Chinas unique artworks.印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的

29、印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses forrecording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,gui.The twelve Earthly B

30、ranches are:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.After observing the lunar month,the ancients found that the moon alwayswazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year,and two lunar months account for about 60 days,so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches

31、 areproperly matched in turn.In terms of recording date,60 years is considered to be a fulltime cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in usenow.according to the chronology of the“ten Heavenly Stems,”2011 is the year of“theseventh of the ten Heavenly Stems”

32、and“the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺 12 次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是 60 天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60 年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。C十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as“Oriental Opera”,Beijing Opera i

33、s a genuinenational quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century,Beijing Opera evolvedand took shape,becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend ofperforming arts-song,speech,p

34、erformance,acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Operaportrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types ofroles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male),dan(young female),jing(painted face,male),andchou(clown,male or female).京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到

35、了19 世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱歌唱、念念白、做表演、打武、舞舞蹈为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，表达故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生男性、旦女性、净男性、丑男性女性皆有四大行当。十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi,a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose autho

36、rship has been attributed to Laozi,is considered to be the mainTaoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human beings life,recommends thediscarding of all desires and worries from ones mind,and encourages the cultivation ofmoral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an

37、example ofLaozis golden saying:The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The namesthat can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven andEarth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures,eachafter its kind.Truly,only he that rids hims

38、elf forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的道德经为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehens

39、ive and integrated fixedphrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage andcommon practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word,but has the samegrammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(make un

40、remitting efforts to improve oneself),qingchuyulan(bluerthan indigo),and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated fromfolk proverbs,ancient works of literature,poems,fables,allusions,and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have g

41、reat vitality.中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting,sericulture,silk reeling and thickeningare all great inventions of the ancient C

42、hinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),the Chinese peoples silk-weaving techniques had reached anextremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD),Zhang Qian,anoutstanding diplomat,travelled around central Asia and connected China with the PersianGulf and the Med

43、iterranean,opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade,exchange andcommunication.From then on,Chinas silk became well known for its extraordinaryquality,exquisite design and color,and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto,Chinesesilk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary

44、of orientalcivilization.中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure ofour ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind o

45、f environment art,which systematicallycombines artificial mountains and rivers,plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is“artificial as it is,the gardenmust look ingenious and natural.”When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical gard

46、en,you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which“makes use of the naturallandscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.”Of the world sthree major garden systems,the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins ofthe worlds garden due to its long histo

47、ry and abundant connotations.中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。十六、The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush,ink stick,ink stone,and paperwere requisite treasures in the study of the scholar

48、s of ancient China,and they are oftenreferred to as the“Four Treasures of the Study.”The writing brush and ink stick havebeen used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC-206BC),people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunksto make brush

49、es.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD),man-made ink was usedinstead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese,bamboo slips,woodentablets,brocade and silk,which originally functioned as writing surfaces,gradually fadedout.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes

50、and ink.After theSong Dynasty(960AD-1279AD),the“Four Treasure of the Study”particularly referredto hubi,the writing brush produced in Huzhou,Zhejiang province;huimo,the ink stickproduced in Huizhou,Anhui province;xuan paper,a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou,Anhui province;and duanyan,the ink ston